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Table 3 Adjusted HRs for development of AMI in subjects with DME compared with age/gender matched diabetes controls*, 1 July 2002 to 31 December 2005

From: Hospitalized cardiovascular events in patients with diabetic macular edema

Reference exposure

HR

95% CI

p-value

DME versus diabetes controls

2.50

1.83 – 3.41

< 0.001

Covariates†

   

Angina

1.00

0.59 - 1.71

1.00

Cardiac arrhythmia

1.19

0.75 - 1.87

0.47

Charlson comorbidity index

0.98

0.88 - 1.08

0.63

Congestive heart failure

1.57

0.98 - 2.52

0.06

Heart disease

2.45

1.72 - 3.48

< 0.001

History of AMI

2.62

1.35 - 5.07

0.004

History of CVA

1.37

0.71 - 2.66

0.35

Hyperlipidemia

0.75

0.55 - 1.01

0.06

Hypertension

0.92

0.67 - 1.27

0.62

Other cerebrovascular disease

1.47

0.68 - 3.19

0.33

Prior anti-platelet or anticoagulant

1.93

1.28 - 2.89

0.002

  1. *Diabetes controls - diabetes subjects without ophthalmic manifestations, retinal disorders, or vitreous hemorrhage.
  2. † All covariates were included in the regression model; bolded text indicates statistical signficance.
  3. DME = diabetic macular edema; AMI = acute myocardial infarction; CVA = cerebrovascular accident; CI = confidence interval; HR = hazard ratios.