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Table 2 Factors associated with cataract in those aged 40 years and older in three surveys

From: Time trend of prevalence of self-reported cataract and its association with prolonged sitting in Taiwan from 2001 and 2013

Variable

Year 2001

P value*

Year 2009

P value*

Year 2013

P value*

N

(%)

N

(%)

N

(%)

Total

892

(10.70)

 

1471

(13.13)

 

1296

(11.84)

 

Mean sitting time (SD)

5.44 ± 0.14

0.040

5.39 ± 0.12

0.725

5.66 ± 0.12

0.665

Sitting time (grouped), hours

  

0.088

  

0.487

  

0.037

  <3

195

(10.31)

 

303

(14.44)

 

218

(13.40)

 

  3–4

236

(9.75)

 

414

(12.94)

 

313

(10.45)

 

  5–6

187

(10.37)

 

366

(12.97)

 

369

(12.94)

 

  ≥7

274

(12.35)

 

388

(12.57)

 

396

(11.42)

 

Mean age (SD)

70.12 ± 0.33

<0.001

71.88 ± 0.32

<0.001

70.87 ± 0.36

<0.001

Age (grouped), years

  

<0.001

  

<0.001

  

<0.001

  40–54

61

(1.33)

 

80

(1.31)

 

71

(1.30)

 

  55–64

179

(10.59)

 

276

(11.15)

 

297

(10.27)

 

  ≥ 65

652

(31.70)

 

1115

(42.42)

 

927

(36.53)

 

Sex

  

<0.001

  

<0.001

  

<0.001

  Male

364

(8.91)

 

610

(11.02)

 

531

(9.95)

 

  Female

528

(12.43)

 

861

(15.18)

 

765

(13.64)

 

Education level†

  

<0.001

  

<0.001

  

<0.001

  None

349

(23.94)

 

398

(39.08)

 

301

(35.92)

 

  Junior high school and below

400

(9.69)

 

773

(15.83)

 

614

(14.40)

 

  Senior high school

81

(5.15)

 

152

(5.09)

 

182

(5.96)

 

  College or Bachelor’s degree

55

(5.05)

 

128

(6.26)

 

157

(6.94)

 

  Master’s degree and above

7

(8.05)

 

23

(7.23)

 

41

(7.90)

 

Marital status‡

  

<0.001

  

<0.001

  

<0.001

  Never married

11

(4.20)

 

28

(4.63)

 

32

(4.03)

 

  Married

592

(8.79)

 

921

(10.75)

 

861

(10.59)

 

  Other

289

(21.65)

 

523

(25.55)

 

403

(19.92)

 

Employment status

  

<0.001

  

<0.001

  

<0.001

  Employed

125

(3.06)

 

230

(3.64)

 

283

(4.44)

 

  Not employed

767

(18.05)

 

1241

(25.38)

 

1013

(22.18)

 

Monthly household income ($NT)

  

<0.001

  

<0.001

  

<0.001

  <30,000

359

(17.09)

 

562

(19.72)

 

395

(17.42)

 

  ≥ 30,000 to <70,000

304

(8.83)

 

317

(8.39)

 

360

(9.60)

 

  ≥70,000

219

(8.15)

 

163

(6.16)

 

247

(7.78)

 

  Not stated

10

(9.80)

 

429

(22.21)

 

294

(16.79)

 

Degrees of urbanization§

  

0.324

  

<0.001

  

0.002

  High urbanization

188

(10.63)

 

388

(15.34)

 

396

(13.42)

 

  Moderate urbanization

235

(10.45)

 

346

(13.52)

 

560

(10.43)

 

  Developing towns

170

(9.30)

 

363

(10.10)

 

155

(11.43)

 

  General towns

127

(10.36)

 

268

(14.88)

 

127

(14.35)

 

  Other towns

172

(13.62)

 

105

(14.64)

 

59

(15.20)

 

Health status

         

Hypertension

  

<0.001

  

<0.001

  

<0.001

  Yes

357

(19.56)

 

766

(26.12)

 

724

(23.4)

 

  No

535

(8.22)

 

705

(8.52)

 

572

(7.33)

 

Diabetes

  

<0.001

  

<0.001

  

<0.001

  Yes

187

(24.64)

 

345

(29.38)

 

328

(25.22)

 

  No

705

(9.31)

 

1126

(11.22)

 

967

(10.04)

 

Myopia

  

<0.001

  

<0.001

  

<0.001

  Yes

84

(5.12)

 

210

(6.20)

 

251

(6.54)

 

  No

808

(12.07)

 

1261

(16.12)

 

1045

(14.71)

 

Smoking status

  

<0.001

  

<0.001

  

<0.001

  Never smokers

673

(11.46)

 

1019

(14.40)

 

979

(13.67)

 

  Former smokers

83

(17.40)

 

286

(16.88)

 

211

(13.43)

 

  Current smokers

136

(6.85)

 

166

(6.81)

 

106

(4.80)

 
  1. *P value based on chi-square test for categorical variables and t-test for continuous variables (cataract versus no cataract).
  2. †Education level: College and above includes online universities and online professional colleges.
  3. ‡Marital status: other includes living together, separated, divorced, and widowed.
  4. §Degrees of urbanization: other towns include aged towns, agricultural towns, and villages.