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Table 4 Factors associated with risk of developing cataracts after adjusting for significant socio-demographic factors* - multivariate analysis for each variable cluster (N = 11,591)

From: Cataract subtype risk factors identified from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination survey 2008–2010

 

Multivariate OR

95% CI

p

1. Socio-demographic factors

Age (years)

   

  40–49

1.0 (ref)

  

  50–59

3.7

3.2–4.3

<0.01

  60–69

14.9

12.7–17.4

<0.01

  70–80

57.3

46.0–71.3

<0.01

  80+

192.7

103.6–358.4

<0.01

Sex

   

  Men

1.0 (ref)

  

  Women

0.9

0.8–1.0

0.02

Monthly household income

   

  Lowest quintile

1.0 (ref)

  

  2nd to 4th quintile

0.9

0.7–1.0

0.04

  Highest quintile

0.7

0.6–0.9

<0.01

Education

   

  Elementary school

1.0 (ref)

  

  Middle school

0.8

0.7–0.9

<0.01

  High school

0.7

0.6–0.8

<0.01

  University or higher

0.6

0.5–0.7

<0.01

Residential area

   

  Urban

1.0 (ref)

  

  Rural

1.0

0.9–1.2

0.57

Occupation

   

Administrator, management, and professional

1.0 (ref)

  

Business and financial operations

1.0

0.8–1.4

0.78

Sales and related

1.0

0.8–1.3

0.79

Farming, fishing, and forestry

1.1

0.8–1.4

0.49

Installation, maintenance, and repair

1.0

0.7–1.3

0.83

Laborer

1.1

0.8–1.4

0.54

Unemployed

1.2

1.0–1.5

0.09

2. Health examination variable

Obesity

   

  Underweight

1.0 (ref)

  

  Normal

1.0

0.8–1.1

0.44

  Obesity

1.4

0.9–1.9

0.10

Hypercholesterolemia

   

  No

1.0 (ref)

  

  Yes

1.2

1.0–1.4

0.03

Hypo-HDL-cholesterolemia

  No

1.0 (ref)

  

  Yes

1.0

0.8–1.1

0.64

Hypertriglycemia

   

  No

1.0 (ref)

  

  Yes

0.9

0.7–1.0

0.10

Anemia

   

  No

1.0 (ref)

  

  Yes

1.2

1.0–1.5

0.05

Metabolic syndrome

   

  No

1.0 (ref)

  

  Yes

1.2

1.1–1.4

<0.01

3. Comorbidities

Hypertension

   

  No

1.0 (ref)

  

  Yes

1.2

1.0–1.3

<0.01

Diabetic mellitus

   

  No

1.0 (ref)

  

  Yes

1.7

1.4–2.0

<0.01

Osteoarthritis

   

  No

1.0 (ref)

  

  Yes

1.1

0.9–1.2

0.31

Rheumatoid arthritis

   

  No

1.0 (ref)

  

  Yes

1.1

0.8–1.4

0.55

Atopic dermatitis

   

  No

1.0 (ref)

  

  Yes

0.9

0.6–1.3

0.45

Asthma

   

  No

1.0 (ref)

  

  Yes

1.0

0.8–1.3

0.92

4. Health behavioral risk factors

Lifetime smoker

   

  No

1.0 (ref)

  

  Yes

1.0

0.9–1.2

0.59

Binge alcohol user

   

  No

1.0 (ref)

  

  Yes

0.9

0.8–1.0

0.14

Physical activity of moderate intensity

  Never

1.0 (ref)

  

  >5 times per week

1.0

0.8–1.3

0.93

Coffee consumption

   

  Never

1.0 (ref)

  

  1–6 cups per week

0.9

0.8–1.1

0.50

  ≥7 cups per week

0.9

0.7–1.0

0.09

Stress

   

  Least stress

1.0 (ref)

  

  Moderate stress

0.9

0.8–1.0

0.07

  Extreme stress

1.1

0.8–1.4

0.59

Sun exposure

   

  <5 hr/day

1.0 (ref)

  

  ≥5 hr/day

1.1

1.0–1.2

0.09