Multivariate OR | 95% CI | p | |
---|---|---|---|
1. Socio-demographic factors | |||
Age (years) | |||
40–49 | 1.0 (ref) | ||
50–59 | 3.7 | 3.2–4.3 | <0.01 |
60–69 | 14.9 | 12.7–17.4 | <0.01 |
70–80 | 57.3 | 46.0–71.3 | <0.01 |
80+ | 192.7 | 103.6–358.4 | <0.01 |
Sex | |||
Men | 1.0 (ref) | ||
Women | 0.9 | 0.8–1.0 | 0.02 |
Monthly household income | |||
Lowest quintile | 1.0 (ref) | ||
2nd to 4th quintile | 0.9 | 0.7–1.0 | 0.04 |
Highest quintile | 0.7 | 0.6–0.9 | <0.01 |
Education | |||
Elementary school | 1.0 (ref) | ||
Middle school | 0.8 | 0.7–0.9 | <0.01 |
High school | 0.7 | 0.6–0.8 | <0.01 |
University or higher | 0.6 | 0.5–0.7 | <0.01 |
Residential area | |||
Urban | 1.0 (ref) | ||
Rural | 1.0 | 0.9–1.2 | 0.57 |
Occupation | |||
Administrator, management, and professional | 1.0 (ref) | ||
Business and financial operations | 1.0 | 0.8–1.4 | 0.78 |
Sales and related | 1.0 | 0.8–1.3 | 0.79 |
Farming, fishing, and forestry | 1.1 | 0.8–1.4 | 0.49 |
Installation, maintenance, and repair | 1.0 | 0.7–1.3 | 0.83 |
Laborer | 1.1 | 0.8–1.4 | 0.54 |
Unemployed | 1.2 | 1.0–1.5 | 0.09 |
2. Health examination variable | |||
Obesity | |||
Underweight | 1.0 (ref) | ||
Normal | 1.0 | 0.8–1.1 | 0.44 |
Obesity | 1.4 | 0.9–1.9 | 0.10 |
Hypercholesterolemia | |||
No | 1.0 (ref) | ||
Yes | 1.2 | 1.0–1.4 | 0.03 |
Hypo-HDL-cholesterolemia | |||
No | 1.0 (ref) | ||
Yes | 1.0 | 0.8–1.1 | 0.64 |
Hypertriglycemia | |||
No | 1.0 (ref) | ||
Yes | 0.9 | 0.7–1.0 | 0.10 |
Anemia | |||
No | 1.0 (ref) | ||
Yes | 1.2 | 1.0–1.5 | 0.05 |
Metabolic syndrome | |||
No | 1.0 (ref) | ||
Yes | 1.2 | 1.1–1.4 | <0.01 |
3. Comorbidities | |||
Hypertension | |||
No | 1.0 (ref) | ||
Yes | 1.2 | 1.0–1.3 | <0.01 |
Diabetic mellitus | |||
No | 1.0 (ref) | ||
Yes | 1.7 | 1.4–2.0 | <0.01 |
Osteoarthritis | |||
No | 1.0 (ref) | ||
Yes | 1.1 | 0.9–1.2 | 0.31 |
Rheumatoid arthritis | |||
No | 1.0 (ref) | ||
Yes | 1.1 | 0.8–1.4 | 0.55 |
Atopic dermatitis | |||
No | 1.0 (ref) | ||
Yes | 0.9 | 0.6–1.3 | 0.45 |
Asthma | |||
No | 1.0 (ref) | ||
Yes | 1.0 | 0.8–1.3 | 0.92 |
4. Health behavioral risk factors | |||
Lifetime smoker | |||
No | 1.0 (ref) | ||
Yes | 1.0 | 0.9–1.2 | 0.59 |
Binge alcohol user | |||
No | 1.0 (ref) | ||
Yes | 0.9 | 0.8–1.0 | 0.14 |
Physical activity of moderate intensity | |||
Never | 1.0 (ref) | ||
>5 times per week | 1.0 | 0.8–1.3 | 0.93 |
Coffee consumption | |||
Never | 1.0 (ref) | ||
1–6 cups per week | 0.9 | 0.8–1.1 | 0.50 |
≥7 cups per week | 0.9 | 0.7–1.0 | 0.09 |
Stress | |||
Least stress | 1.0 (ref) | ||
Moderate stress | 0.9 | 0.8–1.0 | 0.07 |
Extreme stress | 1.1 | 0.8–1.4 | 0.59 |
Sun exposure | |||
<5 hr/day | 1.0 (ref) | ||
≥5 hr/day | 1.1 | 1.0–1.2 | 0.09 |