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Table 3 The distribution of the arteriolar and venular geometrical measurements in the diabetic subgroups

From: The association between retinal vascular geometry changes and diabetic retinopathy and their role in prediction of progression – an exploratory study

Arteriolar data

Retinal parameter

No retinopathy group

Mild NPDR group

Severe NPDR group

PDR group

p value

Mean ± (STD)

(117 bifurcations)

(136 bifurcations)

(139 bifurcations)

(231 bifurcations)

Parent Vessel Diameter d 0 (pixels)

6.47 ± (1.08)*

7.54 ± (1.68)†

7.58 ± (1.65)†

8.06 ± (1.84)‡

0.000

Large Child Diameter d 1 (pixels)

5.78 ± (1.10)*

6.65 ± (1.62)†

6.73 ± (1.66)†

7.23 ± (1.80)‡

0.000

Smaller Child Diameter d 2 (pixels)

4.60 ± (0.99)*

5.42 ± (1.37)†

5.43 ± (1.33)†

5.62 ± (1.43)†

0.000

Bifurcating Angle θ (Degrees)

76.13 ± (15.8)*

79.14 ± (17.9)*

78.78 ± (18.4)*

84.33 ± (18.6)†

0.000

Branching Angle θ 1 (Degrees)

25.77 ± (15.2)

27.32 ± (16.6)

28.33 ± (15.4)

27.44 ± (16.4)

0.560

Branching Angle θ 2 (Degrees)

50.36 ± (20.3)*

51.99 ± (21.3)*

50.45 ± (20.3)*

56.88 ± (22.9)†

0.014

Junction Exponent χ

3.70 ± (1.27)

3.80 ± (2.00)

3.92 ± (1.85)

4.15 ± (2.25)

0.161

Venular data

Retinal parameter

No retinopathy group

Mild NPDR group

Severe NPDR group

PDR group

p value

Mean ± (STD)

(125 bifurcations)

(174 bifurcations)

(233 bifurcations)

(363 bifurcations)

Parent Vessel Diameter d 0 (pixels)

7.42 ± (1.87)*

9.04 ± (2.62)†

9.13 ± (2.56)†‡

9.55 ± (2.88)‡

0.000

Large Child Diameter d 1 (pixels)

6.51 ± (1.83)*

8.04 ± (2.55)†‡

8.05 ± (2.54)†

8.50 ± (2.79)‡

0.000

Smaller Child Diameter d 2 (pixels)

4.72 ± (1.08)*

5.51 ± (1.64)†

5.55 ± (1.47)†

5.82 ± (1.85)‡

0.000

Bifurcating Angle θ (Degrees)

77.68 ± (15.1)

80.40 ± (16.9)

80.75 ± (17.4)

82.53 ± (19.1)

0.062

Branching Angle θ 1 (Degrees)

24.81 ± (12.9)

23.43 ± (14.9)

24.34 ± (15.0)

23.53 ± (16.8)

0.921

Branching Angle θ 2 (Degrees)

53.00 ± (17.9)

57.34 ± (20.9)

57.43 ± (22.1)

59.65 ± (23.7)

0.504

Junction Exponent χ

3.02 ± (0.96)

2.99 ± (0.88)

2.94 ± (0.99)

3.18 ± (1.46)

0.07

  1. The p-value of ANOVA test is shown with the significant differences between the subgroups as determined by the FLSD test. (Means that do not share a symbol are significantly different).
  2. There are significant differences in the vessel widths in both arteriolar and venular data, and in the second child branching angle, θ 2 , in arteriolar data.