Table 2 Association between variables and symptoms of dry eye syndrome
DES group (N = 963) | Non-DES group (N = 5060) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No. | (%a) | %b | No. | (%a) | %b | P-value* | |
Sex | <0.0001 | ||||||
Men | 344 | (35.72) | 34.79 | 2859 | (56.50) | 55.08 | |
Women | 619 | (64.28) | 65.21 | 2201 | (43.50) | 44.92 | |
Age, years | 0.1700 | ||||||
25–34 | 194 | (20.51) | 20.77 | 884 | (17.76) | 17.93 | |
35–44 | 250 | (26.43) | 24.17 | 1443 | (28.99) | 27.09 | |
45–54 | 281 | (29.70) | 30.71 | 1426 | (28.65) | 29.07 | |
55–65 | 221 | (23.36) | 24.35 | 1225 | (24.61) | 25.91 | |
Residence | 0.4746 | ||||||
Urban | 775 | (80.48) | 80.22 | 4049 | (80.02) | 78.60 | |
Rural | 188 | (19.52) | 19.78 | 1011 | (19.98) | 21.40 | |
Household income | 0.3838 | ||||||
1st quartile | 68 | (7.06) | 7.82 | 411 | (8.12) | 9.24 | |
2nd quartile | 246 | (25.55) | 27.62 | 1274 | (25.18) | 27.42 | |
3rd quartile | 289 | (30.01) | 30.30 | 1654 | (32.69) | 31.94 | |
4th quartile | 360 | (37.38) | 34.26 | 1721 | (34.01) | 31.40 | |
Education level | 0.9961 | ||||||
Middle school | 246 | (25.55) | 28.66 | 1306 | (25.81) | 28.75 | |
High school | 352 | (36.55) | 37.39 | 1808 | (35.73) | 37.49 | |
University | 365 | (37.90) | 33.95 | 1946 | (38.46) | 33.76 | |
Degree of obesity | 0.0008 | ||||||
Normal | 460 | (47.77) | 47.24 | 2026 | (40.04) | 40.07 | |
Overweight | 222 | (23.05) | 23.73 | 1262 | (24.94) | 24.30 | |
Obese | 281 | (29.18) | 29.03 | 1772 | (35.02) | 35.63 | |
Smoking | <0.0001 | ||||||
Never | 600 | (62.31) | 60.66 | 2455 | (48.52) | 48.41 | |
Former | 176 | (18.28) | 18.38 | 1154 | (22.81) | 22.06 | |
Current | 187 | (19.42) | 20.96 | 1451 | (28.68) | 29.53 | |
Alcohol consumption | 0.0035 | ||||||
Never | 203 | (21.08) | 19.25 | 949 | (18.75) | 19.23 | |
Moderate | 646 | (67.08) | 69.01 | 3311 | (65.43) | 64.41 | |
Severe | 114 | (11.84) | 11.74 | 800 | (15.81) | 16.36 | |
Physical activity | 0.3917 | ||||||
No | 646 | (67.08) | 65.92 | 3200 | (63.24) | 64.20 | |
Low-intensity | 278 | (28.87) | 29.94 | 1593 | (31.48) | 30.59 | |
High-intensity | 39 | (4.05) | 4.14 | 267 | (5.28) | 5.20 | |
Occupational category | 0.0002 | ||||||
Executive white-collar | 222 | (23.05) | 20.33 | 1188 | (23.48) | 21.24 | |
Ordinary white-collar | 170 | (17.65) | 17.39 | 724 | (14.31) | 12.53 | |
Pink-collar | 221 | (22.95) | 24.80 | 1105 | (21.84) | 23.27 | |
Green-collar | 68 | (7.06) | 6.36 | 473 | (9.35) | 10.24 | |
Skilled blue-collar | 135 | (14.02) | 14.53 | 895 | (17.69) | 18.10 | |
Unskilled blue-collar | 147 | (15.26) | 16.59 | 675 | (13.34) | 14.62 | |
Work period | 0.2119 | ||||||
Day | 783 | (81.31) | 82.08 | 4159 | (82.19) | 81.84 | |
Evening or night | 121 | (12.56) | 12.20 | 533 | (10.53) | 10.90 | |
Shift | 59 | (6.13) | 5.71 | 368 | (7.27) | 7.26 | |
Work duration, h/week | 0.1519 | ||||||
< 43 | 496 | (51.51) | 51.32 | 2446 | (48.34) | 48.05 | |
≥ 43 | 467 | (48.49) | 48.68 | 2614 | (51.66) | 51.95 | |
Work status | 0.0012 | ||||||
Paid worker | 689 | (71.55) | 70.58 | 3404 | (67.27) | 64.04 | |
Self-employed worker | 201 | (20.87) | 21.65 | 1325 | (26.19) | 28.50 | |
Unpaid family worker | 73 | (7.58) | 7.76 | 331 | (6.54) | 7.46 | |
Sunlight exposure, h/day | 0.1156 | ||||||
< 2 | 666 | (69.16) | 67.48 | 3276 | (64.74) | 62.87 | |
2–5 | 190 | (19.73) | 20.49 | 1135 | (22.43) | 23.39 | |
≥ 5 | 107 | (11.11) | 12.04 | 649 | (12.83) | 13.73 | |
Exposure to secondhand smoke at indoor workplace, h/day | 0.7270 | ||||||
0 | 532 | (55.24) | 53.26 | 2696 | (53.28) | 52.47 | |
0–1 | 332 | (34.48) | 35.63 | 1803 | (35.63) | 35.44 | |
≥ 1 | 99 | (10.28) | 11.11 | 561 | (11.09) | 12.09 | |