Table 3 Age and gender–adjusted, and multivariate–adjusted odds ratio and 95 % confidence intervals of risk factors for the ophthalmoplegia cases in the studied cohort

Age ≥ 45 years

-

-

-

3.54

1.57–7.97

0.002

Male gender

-

-

-

2.09

1.41–3.08

< 0.0001

Diabetic retinopathy

5.72

4.04–8.11

< 0.0001

4.32

2.94–6.35

< 0.0001

DM duration ≥ 10 years

3.11

2.01–4.80

< 0.0001

1.92

1.19–3.09

0.007

Diabetic nephropathy

1.66

1.06–2.59

0.026

0.86

0.52–1.43

0.570