Table 2 Comparative analysis of pediatric DED between urban and rural groups

Subjects (N)

630

286

Age (years)

9.51 ± 1.00

9.52 ± 1.00

0.91^b

Dry eye disease (%)

8.3

2.8

0.03^a

Visual acuity (logMAR)

0.42 ± 0.57

0.23 ± 0.45

<0.001^b

SE (diopter)

−2.13 ± 2.34

−1.98 ± 1.58

0.41^b

Use of glass (%)

42.9

32.9

0.04^a

 Use of smartphones (%)

61.3

51

0.04^a

 Smartphone use/day (hours)

0.93 ± 1.01

0.47 ± 0.69

<0.001^b

 Computer use/day (hours)

0.84 ± 0.29

0.68 ± 0.46

<0.001^b

 TV use/day (hours)

1.05 ± 0.48

1.15 ± 0.64

0.08^b

 Learning/day (hours)

2.50 ± 0.95

2.05 ± 1.07

<0.001^b

 Sleep/day (hours)

7.88 ± 0.84

7.84 ± 0.87

0.57^b

 Outdoor activity/day (hours)

2.06 ± 1.13

2.57 ± 0.95

<0.001^b