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Table 3 Comparative analysis of pediatric DED between younger (1st to 3rd) and older (4th to 6th) grade

From: Smartphone use is a risk factor for pediatric dry eye disease according to region and age: a case control study

 

Younger grade

Older grade

P

Subjects (N)

452

464

 

Region of Urban (%)

69.0

68.5

0.92a

Dry Eye Disease (%)

4

9.1

0.03a

Visual Acuity (LogMAR)

0.28 ± 0.42

0.41 ± 0.48

<0.001b

SE (diopter)

−1.77 ± 2.12

−2.39 ± 2.11

<0.001b

Use of Glass (%)

31

48.3

<0.001a

Related with DED Risk Factors

 Use of Smartphones (%)

50.9

65.1

<0.001a

 Smartphone use/day (hours)

0.57 ± 0.76

1.00 ± 1.06

<0.001b

 Computer use/day (hours)

0.74 ± 0.37

0.83 ± 0.35

<0.01b

 TV use/day (hours)

1.03 ± 0.52

1.13 ± 0.55

0.06b

 Learning/day (hours)

2.08 ± 0.95

2.63 ± 1.00

<0.001b

Related with DED Protective Factors

 Sleep/day (hours)

7.93 ± 0.83

7.81 ± 0.87

0.11b

 Outdoor activity/day (hours)

2.49 ± 1.07

1.94 ± 1.07

<0.001b

  1. DED dry eye disease, SE spherical equivalent, logMAR logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution, TV television
  2. aBy Pearson’s Chi-square test, bBy independent t test