Table 4 Analysis of risk factors and protective factors for pediatric DED

Smartphone use/day (hours)

0.62 ± 0.68

3.18 ± 0.97

13.07 (5.99–28.52)

<0.001^a

Computer use/day (hours)

0.76 ± 0.34

1.10 ± 0.53

0.94 (0.20–4.42)

0.94^a

TV use/day (hours)

1.07 ± 0.54

1.18 ± 0.40

0.20 (0.03–1.43)

0.11^a

Learning/day (hours)

2.31 ± 1.02

3.10 ± 0.50

2.51 (0.90–7.03)

0.08^a

 Sleep/day (hours)

7.88 ± 0.86

7.70 ± 0.61

0.63 (0.22–1.77)

0.38^a

 Outdoor activity/day (hours)

2.27 ± 1.12

1.47 ± 0.32

0.33 (0.14–0.79)

<0.01^a