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Table 1 Comparison of baseline characteristics between GUSTO mothers included vs. excluded in this study

From: Gestational diabetes mellitus and retinal microvasculature

Characteristics

Participants

p value*

Included (n = 542)

(mean, SD)

Excluded (n = 594)

(mean, SD)

Age (years)

30.5, 5.5

31.2, 4.8

0.02

Ethnicity, Chinese

47.1%

52.5%

0.64

Maternal Education, University

25.2%

31.0%

0.91

Household income, >SGD 6000/month

27.6%

26.3%

0.76

History of hypertension, Yes

2.4%

1.8%

0.85

Family history of diabetes, Yes

27.1%

22.8%

0.75

Cigarette smoking history, Yes (%)

10.5%

10.3%

0.40

Alcohol drinking history, Yes

33.8%

32.00%

0.91

Pre-pregnancy weight (kg)

56.8, 11.9

56.9, 11.1

0.98

BMI at 26–28 weeks’ pregnancy (kg/m2)

26. 2, 4.6

26.0, 4.7

0.48

gestational diabetes (GDM) onset, Yes

16.2%

17.7%

0.93

CRAE (μm)

121.0, 9.0

120.6, 8.9

0.62

CRVE (μm)

171.4, 12.7

170.0, 12.9

0.18

  1. Abbreviation: GUSTO Growing Up in Singapore Towards Health Outcomes, BMI body mass index, CRAE central retinal arteriolar equivalent, CRVE central retinal venular equivalent
  2. Bold data mean difference and 95% CI, meaning the p value for such estimates are significant
  3. *Statistical analysis was performed either by student’s t-test or χ2 test