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Table 2 Comparison of GUSTO mothers with and without gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM)

From: Gestational diabetes mellitus and retinal microvasculature

Characteristics

GDM

(n = 88)

Mean, SD

Non-GDM

(n = 454)

Mean, SD

P value*

Maternal characteristics

 Age, years

32.8, 4.9

30.0, 5.4

<0.001

 Chinese, n (%)

49 (55.7%)

232 (51.1%)

0.03

 Personal history of hypertension, n (%)

3 (3.4%)

6 (1.3%)

0.16

 Family history of diabetes, n (%)

25 (28.4%)

88 (19.4%)

0.06

 Past/Current smoking history, n (%)

9 (10.2%)

70 (15.5%)

0.20

 Past GDM history, n (%)

7 (8.0%)

4 (0.9%)

<0.001

 Maternal education, university, n (%)

27 (30.7%)

116 (25.6%)

0.32

 Household income > SGD 6000/month, n (%)

20 (24.1%)

81 (18.9%)

0.14

 Pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m2)

24.4, 4.9

22.5, 3.4

<0.01

 Weight gain at 26–28 weeks (kg)

7.6, 4.6

8.84, 4.75

0.02

 Primiparous, n (%)

29 (33.0%)

200 (44.1%)

0.14

 Baby gender, male (%)

48 (51.5%)

234 (54.6%)

0.80

Maternal retinal vascular measures

 Retinal arteriolar caliber (μm)

118.8, 9,8

121.3, 8.8

0.02

 Retinal venular caliber (μm)

168.4, 12.8

171.9, 12.6

0.02

 Retinal arteriolar fractal dimension (Df)

1.24, 0.05

1.26, 0.05

<0.01

 Retinal venular fractal dimension (Df)

1.22, 0.05

1.23, 0.04

<0.01

 Retinal arteriolar branching angle (degrees)

84.5, 8.7

82.2, 9.2

0.03

 Retinal venular branching angle (degrees)

79.5, 10.1

80.5, 9.0

0.34

  1. Bold data mean difference and 95% CI, meaning the p value for such estimates are significant
  2. *Statistical analysis was performed either by student’s t-test or χ2 test