From: Gestational diabetes mellitus and retinal microvasculature
Characteristics | GDM (n = 88) Mean, SD | Non-GDM (n = 454) Mean, SD | P value* |
---|---|---|---|
Maternal characteristics | |||
 Age, years | 32.8, 4.9 | 30.0, 5.4 | <0.001 |
 Chinese, n (%) | 49 (55.7%) | 232 (51.1%) | 0.03 |
 Personal history of hypertension, n (%) | 3 (3.4%) | 6 (1.3%) | 0.16 |
 Family history of diabetes, n (%) | 25 (28.4%) | 88 (19.4%) | 0.06 |
 Past/Current smoking history, n (%) | 9 (10.2%) | 70 (15.5%) | 0.20 |
 Past GDM history, n (%) | 7 (8.0%) | 4 (0.9%) | <0.001 |
 Maternal education, university, n (%) | 27 (30.7%) | 116 (25.6%) | 0.32 |
 Household income > SGD 6000/month, n (%) | 20 (24.1%) | 81 (18.9%) | 0.14 |
 Pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m2) | 24.4, 4.9 | 22.5, 3.4 | <0.01 |
 Weight gain at 26–28 weeks (kg) | 7.6, 4.6 | 8.84, 4.75 | 0.02 |
 Primiparous, n (%) | 29 (33.0%) | 200 (44.1%) | 0.14 |
 Baby gender, male (%) | 48 (51.5%) | 234 (54.6%) | 0.80 |
Maternal retinal vascular measures | |||
 Retinal arteriolar caliber (μm) | 118.8, 9,8 | 121.3, 8.8 | 0.02 |
 Retinal venular caliber (μm) | 168.4, 12.8 | 171.9, 12.6 | 0.02 |
 Retinal arteriolar fractal dimension (Df) | 1.24, 0.05 | 1.26, 0.05 | <0.01 |
 Retinal venular fractal dimension (Df) | 1.22, 0.05 | 1.23, 0.04 | <0.01 |
 Retinal arteriolar branching angle (degrees) | 84.5, 8.7 | 82.2, 9.2 | 0.03 |
 Retinal venular branching angle (degrees) | 79.5, 10.1 | 80.5, 9.0 | 0.34 |