Table 1 The Keith–Wagener–Barker classification system for hypertensive retinopathy
Grade | Features |
|---|---|
None | No detectable positive signs |
1 | Mild or moderate generalized retinal arteriolar narrowing, arteriovenous tortuosity |
2 | Definite focal narrowing and arteriovenous nipping, crossing compression |
3 | Copper wire or silver wire artery, signs of grade 2 retinopathy plus retinal hemorrhages, exudates and cotton wool spots |
4 | Severe grade 3 retinopathy plus papilledema or retinal edema |