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Table 4 Values of risk factors for subjects with and without esotropia, and odds ratio and confidence interval (95%) for development of strabismus

From: Prevalence and associated factors of strabismus in former preterm and full-term infants between 4 and 10 Years of age

Esotropia

Descriptiona

Univariate Analysisb

Multivariable analysisc

Characteristics in children with strabismus

n = 34

Characteristics in children without strabismus

n = 469

OR (95% CI)

p-value

OR (95% CI)

p-value

Gestational age [weeks]

28.5 ± 4.0

34.4 ± 5.3

0.79 [0.73; 0.87]

< 0.001

0.85 [0.75; 0.96]

0.009

Birth weight percentile

45.2 ± 29.7

40.7 ± 26.3

1.01 [0.99; 1.02]

0.34

  

Sex [male]

19 (55.9%)

240 (51.2%)

0.83 [0.41; 1.67]

0.60

  

Age at examination [years]

7.2 ± 2.3

7.1 ± 2.0

1.02 [0.85; 1.21]

0.85

  

Anisometropia ≥1.5 D [yes]

6 (18.2%)

15 (3.2%)

6.70 [2.41;18.63]

< 0.001

2.95 [0.84; 10.43]

0.09

Refractive error  ≤ −3 [diopter]d

3 (8.8%)

8 (1.7%)

5.55 [1.40; 21.98]

0.015

1.52 [0.24; 9.48]

0.65

Refractive error  ≥ +3 [diopter]d

12 (35.3%)

34 (7.3%)

6.95 [3.17; 15.23]

< 0.001

7.83 [2.88; 21.27]

< 0.001

Astigmatism [diopter]

0.93 ± 0.82

0.48 ± 0.57

2.04 [1.40; 2.96]

< 0.001

1.62 [0.98; 2.69]

0.06

ROP [yes]

11 (32.4%)

44 (9.4%)

4.62 [2.11; 10.10]

< 0.001

0.88 [0.30; 2.53]

0.81

Maternal age at childbirth [years]

30.4 ± 5.1

31.5 ± 5.3

0.96 [0.90; 1.03]

0.23

  

Mother smoking [yes]

9 (26.5%)

71 (15.1%)

2.02 [0.90; 4.50]

0.09

1.87 [0.69; 5.05]

0.22

Breastfeeding <  3 months [yes]

20 (58.8%)

196 (41.8%)

1.99 [0.98; 4.04]

0.06

0.72 [0.29; 1.74]

0.46

Artificial ventilation [yes]

21 (61.8%)

103 (22%)

5.74 [2.78; 11.86]

< 0.001

2.01 [0.68; 5.91]

0.21

Intraventricular bleeding [yes]

9 (26.5%)

28 (6.0%).

5.67 [2.42;13.30]

< 0.001

2.47 [0.89; 6.79]

0.08

Other perinatal adverse events [yes]e

2 (5.9%)

12 (2.6%)

2.38 [0.51; 11.09]

0.27

  
  1. n number of infants, OR odds ratio, CI confidence interval, ROP retinopathy of prematurity; Data of the right eye was included in univariate and multivariable regression analysis for refractive error and astigmatism
  2. aVariables are expressed as mean ± standard deviation (SD) or as number of children (n (%)), P-values below 0.05 were marked in bold
  3. bbased on univariate logistic regression analysis
  4. cbased on multivariable logistic regression model. Presented factors were included in the multivariable analysis when P value was < 0.20 in univariate analysis
  5. dReference was refractive error between −3 diopter and +3 diopter
  6. eAs perinatal adverse events were periventricular leukomalacia, necrotizing enterocolitis and sepsis summarized
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BMC Ophthalmology

ISSN: 1471-2415

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