Prevalence and associated risk factors of undercorrected refractive errors among people with diabetes in Shanghai

Zhu, Mengjun; Tong, Xiaowei; Zhao, Rong; He, Xiangui; Zhao, Huijuan; Zhu, Jianfeng

doi:10.1186/s12886-017-0620-2

BMC Ophthalmology

Table 4 Univariate and multivariate analysis of undercorrected refractive error in participants with Diabetes mellitus (n = 649)

From: Prevalence and associated risk factors of undercorrected refractive errors among people with diabetes in Shanghai

	N	n	% (95% CI)	Univariate Odds Ratio (95% CI)	P	Multivariate Odds Ratio (95% CI)	P
Age, y					<0.001		<0.001
60–69	402	37	9.20 (6.38–12.03)	1		1
70–79	171	37	21.64 (15.47–27.81)	2.72 (1.66–4.48)^‡	<0.001	3.28 (1.78–6.07)^‡	<0.001
80~	76	25	32.89 (22.33–43.46)	4.84 (2.69–8.69)^‡	<0.001	3.93 (1.85–8.35)^‡	<0.001
Total	649	99	15.25 (12.49–18.02)
Age adjusted†			16.63 (13.76–19.49)
Gender					0.026		0.044
Male	263	30	11.41 (7.56–15.25)	1		1
Female	386	69	17.88 (14.05–21.70)	1.69 (1.07–2.68)^*		1.79 (1.02–3.15)^*
Occupation					0.156		0.049
Farmer	111	18	16.22 (9.36–23.07)	1		1
Non-farmer	538	135	25.09 (21.43–28.76)	1.59 (0.84–3.02)		2.17 (1.01–4.68)^*
Level of education					0.083		0.226
Illiteracy	85	15	17.65 (9.54–25.75)	1		1
Primary school	308	55	17.86 (13.58–22.13)	1.01 (0.54–1.90)	0.964	1.79 (0.80–4.01)	0.156
Secondary school or higher	256	29	11.33 (7.45–15.21)	0.60 (0.30–1.18)	0.135	1.25 (0.50–3.09)	0.637
Insurance status					0.923		0.779
No	6	1	16.67 (−13.15–46.49)	1		1
Yes	643	98	15.24 (12.46–18.02)	0.90 (0.10–7.78)		0.72 (0.05–10.05)
Refractive error					<0.0001		<0.001
Emmetropia	156	12	7.69 (3.51–11.87)	1		1
Hyperopia	228	25	10.96 (6.91–15.02)	1.50 (0.73–3.08)	0.271	1.62 (0.73–3.59)	0.234
Low myopia	168	31	18.45 (12.59–24.32)	2.72 (1.34–5.50)^†	0.005	2.99 (1.36–6.55)^†	0.006
Moderate myopia	53	14	24.62 (14.55–38.28)	4.60 (1.97–10.78)^†	0.001	11.45 (3.86–33.92)^‡	<0.001
High myopia	44	17	38.64 (24.25–53.02)	7.66 (3.29–17.84)^‡	<0.0001	18.91 (5.97–59.92)^‡	<0.001
Lens status					<0.0001		0.001
Normal	270	18	6.67 (3.69–9.64)	1		1
Opacities	379	81	21.37 (17.24–25.50)	3.81 (2.22–6.51)^‡		2.83 (1.50–5.36)^†
Diabetic retinopathy					0.026		0.035
No	619	90	14.54 (11.76–17.32)	1		1
Yes	30	9	30.00 (13.60–46.40)	2.52 (1.12–5.68)^*		2.99 (1.08–8.30)^*
Combined with other retinal diseases					0.045		0.995
No	597	86	14.41 (11.59–17.22)	1		1
Yes	52	13	25.00 (13.23–36.77)	1.98 (1.02–3.86)^*		1.00 (0.40–2.48)
Duration of diabetes (y)					0.279		0.223
< 5	303	52	17.16 (12.92–21.41)	1		1
5–10	212	24	11.32 (7.06–15.59)	0.62 (0.37–1.04)	0.068	0.60 (0.33–1.10)	0.100
10–15	80	13	16.25 (8.17–24.33)	0.94 (0.48–1.82)	0.847	0.56(0.25–1.28)	0.172
≥ 15	54	10	18.52 (8.16–28.88)	1.10 (0.52–2.32)	0.808	0.50 (0.19–1.27)	0.145
Drug use for diabetes					0.279		0.401
No	89	17	19.10 (10.93–27.27)	1		1
Yes	560	82	14.64 (11.71–17.57)	0.73 (0.41–1.30)		0.73 (0.36–1.51)
History of diabetic retinopathy therapy					0.053		0.205
No	630	93	14.76 (11.99–17.53)	1		1
Yes	19	6	31.58 (10.68–52.48)	2.67 (1.00–7.19)		2.36 (0.63–8.90)
HbA1c (g%)					<0.001		0.003
< 5.6	70	7	10.00 (2.97–17.03)	1		1
5.6–7.0	260	31	11.92 (7.98–15.86)	1.22 (0.51–2.90)	0.655	0.74 (0.28–1.96)	0.546
7.1–8.0	138	18	13.04 (7.42–18.66)	1.35 (0.54–3.40)	0.525	0.85 (0.30–2.43)	0.765
8.1–10.0	105	18	17.14 (9.93–24.35)	1.86 (0.73–4.73)	0.191	1.21 (0.43–3.41)	0.721
≥ 10.0	76	25	32.89 (22.33–43.46)	4.41 (1.77–11.02)^†	0.001	3.18 (1.11–9.12)^*	0.031
BMI(kg/m²)					0.211		0.096
Normal	299	42	14.05 (10.11–17.99)	1		1
Lean	28	8	28.57 (11.84–45.30)	2.45 (1.01–5.92)^*	0.047	3.44 (1.19–9.91)^*	0.022
Overweight	268	39	14.55 (10.33–18.77)	1.04 (0.65–1.67)	0.864	1.07 (0.61–1.90)	0.810
Obese	54	10	18.52 (8.16–28.88)	1.39 (0.65–2.97)	0.395	1.74 (0.69–4.39)	0.244
Hypertension					0.325		0.894
No	245	33	13.47 (9.19–17.74)	1		1
Yes	404	66	16.34 (12.73–19.94)	1.25 (0.80–1.97)		0.96 (0.55–1.69)
Hyperlipidaemia					0.620		0.577
No	631	97	15.37 (12.56–18.19)	1		1
Yes	18	2	11.11 (−3.41–25.63)	0.69 (0.16–3.04)		0.61 (0.11–3.42)
Smoker					0.780		0.529
No	531	82	15.44 (12.37–18.52)	1		1
Yes	118	17	14.41 (8.07–20.74)	0.92 (0.52–1.62)		0.67 (0.19–2.37)
Alcohol use					0.791		0.715
No	537	81	15.08 (12.06–18.11)	1		1
Yes	112	18	16.07 (9.27–22.87)	1.08 (0.62–1.88)		1.26 (0.36–4.38)
Cardiovascular disease					0.487		0.832
No	595	89	14.96 (12.09–17.82)	1		1
Yes	54	10	18.52 (8.16–28.88)	1.29 (0.63–2.66)		1.10 (0.44–2.74)
Distance eyeglasses wearing					0.703		0.011
No	525	79	15.05 (11.99–18.11)	1		1
Yes	124	20	16.13 (9.66–22.60)	1.09 (0.64–1.85)		0.34 (0.15–0.78)^*

*P < 0.05
†P < 0.01
‡P < 0.001

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