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Table 1 Demographic characteristics and between-group analysis of participants

From: Risk factors of presenile nuclear cataract in health screening study

 

Total (n = 266)

Normal (n = 192)

Presenile nuclear cataract (n = 74)d

p value

Age (years)

45.12 ± 3.78 (N = 266)

45.26 ± 3.65 (N = 192)

44.76 ± 4.12 (N = 74)

0.471a

Sex, male

183/266 (68.8%)

136/192 (72.18%)

47/74 (63.51%)

0.248b

Smoking status

   

0.306b

 Never

116/245 (47.35%)

86/174 (49.43%)

30/71 (42.25%)

 

 Former (quit ≥1 year ago)

50/245 (20.41%)

37/174 (21.26%)

13/71 (18.31%)

 

 Current

79/245 (32.24%)

51/174 (29.31%)

28/71 (39.44%)

 

Age at starting smoking (years)

20.11 ± 3.99 (N = 131)

20.45 ± 4.09 (N = 92)

19.33 ± 3.69 (N = 39)

0.210a

Smoking duration (years)

21.30 ± 7.81 (N = 121)

20.93 ± 7.88 (N = 85)

22.17 ± 7.70 (N = 36)

0.448a

Smoking cigarettes per day

   

0.366a

  ≤ 10 cigarettes

38/126 (30.16%)

29/88 (32.95%)

9/38 (23.68%)

 

 11–20 cigarettes

48/126 (38.10%)

34/88 (38.64%)

14/38 (36.84%)

 

 21–30 cigarettes

33/126 (26.19%)

22/88 (25.00%)

11/38 (28.95%)

 

  ≥ 30 cigarettes

7/126 (5.56%)

3/88 (3.41%)

4/38 (10.53%)

 

Alcohol consumption status

   

0.456b

 Never

53/261 (20.31%)

36/188 (19.15%)

17/73 (23.29%)

 

 Ever

208/261 (79.69%)

152/188 (80.85%)

56/73 (76.71%)

 

Alcohol consumption duration (years)

23.07 ± 7.07 (N = 192)

23.04 ± 7.20 (N = 141)

23.14 ± 6.78 (N = 51)

0.734a

Alcohol consumption frequency

   

0.532c

  ≤ 1 day/month

24/205 (11.71%)

16/149 (10.74%)

8/56 (14.29%)

 

 2–3 days/month

63/205 (30.73%)

46/149 (30.87%)

17/56 (30.36%)

 

 1–2 days/week

63/205 (30.73%)

49/149 (32.89%)

14/56 (25.00%)

 

 3–4 days/week

41/205 (20.00%)

29/149 (19.46%)

12/56 (21.43%)

 

 5–6 days/week

9/205 (4.39%)

7/149 (4.70%)

2/56 (3.57%)

 

 Everyday

5/205 (2.44%)

2/149 (1.34%)

3/56 (5.36%)

 

Alcohol consumption amount (Units/time)

   

0.940b

 1~ 2

56/203 (27.59%)

39/147 (26.53%)

17/56 (30.36%)

 

 3~ 6

48/203 (23.65%)

36/147 (24.49%)

12/56 (21.43%)

 

 7~ 13

76/203 (37.44%)

55/147 (37.41%)

21/56 (37.50%)

 

  ≥ 14

23/203 (11.33%)

17/147 (11.56%)

6/56 (10.71%)

 

Physical exercise degree, n (%)

   

0.558b

 Almost absent

26/253 (10.28%)

20/182 (10.99%)

6/71 (8.45%)

 

 Mild

67/253 (26.48%)

47/182 (25.82%)

20/71 (28.17%)

 

 Moderate

134/253 (52.96%)

99/182 (54.40%)

35/71 (49.30%)

 

 Vigorous

26/253 (10.28%)

16/182 (8.79%)

10/71 (14.08%)

 

Physical exercise frequency, n (%)

   

0.324b

 None

27/245 (11.02%)

18/178 (10.11%)

9/67 (13.43%)

 

 1–2 days/week

99/245 (40.41%)

75/178 (42.13%)

24/67 (35.82%)

 

 3–4 days/week

79/245 (32.24%)

60/178 (33.71%)

19/67 (28.36%)

 

  ≥ 5 days/week

40/245 (16.33%)

25/178 (14.04%)

15/67 (22.39%)

 

Daily exercise duration, n (%)

   

0.065b

 Low amounts (1–40 min/day)

105/247 (42.51%)

83/178 (46.63%)

22/69 (31.88%)

 

 None

24/247 (9.72%)

14/178 (7.87%)

10/69 (14.49%)

 

 High amounts (≥41 min/day)

118/247 (47.77%)

81/178 (45.51%)

37/69 (53.62%)

 

Height (cm)

169.66 ± 8.55 (N = 266)

169.35 ± 8.39 (N = 192)

170.45 ± 8.98 (N = 74)

0.349a

Weight (kg)

72.50 ± 16.27 (N = 266)

72.34 ± 16.43 (N = 192)

72.92 ± 15.96 (N = 74)

0.793a

BMI (kg/m2)

24.98 ± 4.23 (N = 266)

25.01 ± 4.29 (N = 192)

24.90 ± 4.12 (N = 74)

0.923a

WHR

0.91 ± 0.07 (N = 266)

0.91 ± 0.07 (N = 192)

0.92 ± 0.08 (N = 74)

0.586a

Hypertension, n (%)

39/266 (14.66%)

30/192 (15.63%)

9/74 (12.16%)

0.474b

Diabetes, n (%)

16/266 (6.02%)

14/192 (7.29%)

2/74 (2.70%)

0.249c

Dyslipidemia, n (%)

45/266 (16.92%)

31/192 (16.15%)

14/74 (18.92%)

0.589b

Asthma, n (%)

5/266 (1.88%)

2/192 (1.04%)

3/74 (4.05%)

0.133b

Tuberculosis, n (%)

11/266 (4.14%)

5/192 (2.60%)

6/74 (8.11%)

0.078b

Thyroid disease, n (%)

8/266 (3.01%)

7/192 (3.65%)

1/74 (1.35%)

0.450c

HbA1c (%)

5.58 ± 0.68 (N = 256)

5.62 ± 0.77 (N = 183)

5.48 ± 0.36 (N = 73)

0.511a

Glucose (mg/dL)

95.89 ± 21.91 (N = 266)

97.48 ± 24.71 (N = 192)

91.74 ± 11.00 (N = 74)

0.058a

Cholesterol (mg/dL)

197.09 ± 35.88 (N = 266)

198.67 ± 35.65 (N = 192)

192.99 ± 36.41 (N = 74)

0.257a

HDL cholesterol (mg/dL)

58.65 ± 17.79 (N = 265)

57.92 ± 15.41 (N = 191)

60.53 ± 22.84 (N = 74)

0.578a

LDL cholesterol (mg/dL)

125.69 ± 32.18 (N = 265)

127.09 ± 31.64 (N = 191)

122.07 ± 33.49 (N = 74)

0.312a

Triglyceride (mg/dL)

126.50 ± 127.86 (N = 265)

133.31 ± 143.60 (N = 191)

108.92 ± 70.87 (N = 74)

0.097a

WBC (/mm3)

5763.8 ± 1761.3 (N = 266)

5906.8 ± 1872.3 (N = 192)

5392.7 ± 1377.2 (N = 74)

0.074a

CRP (mg/dL)

0.20 ± 0.51 (N = 247)

0.18 ± 0.41 (N = 177)

0.24 ± 0.72 (N = 70)

0.235a

Sodium (mmol/L)

141.66 ± 1.83 (N = 245)

141.63 ± 1.87 (N = 176)

141.74 ± 1.75 (N = 69)

0.734a

Potassium (mmol/L)

4.24  ±  0.31 (N = 245)

4.24 ± 0.33 (N = 176)

4.23 ± 0.26 (N = 69)

0.966a

Hemoglobin (g/dL)

14.73 ± 1.79 (N = 266)

14.78 ± 1.75 (N = 192)

14.60 ± 1.91 (N = 74)

0.476a

TIBC (μg/dL)

324.66 ± 44.73 (N = 245)

321.31 ± 44.96 (N = 176)

333.20 ± 43.28 (N = 69)

0.040a

HBV seropositive, n (%)

11/266 (4.14%)

6/192 (3.13%)

5/74 (6.76%)

0.186a

HCV seropositive, n (%)

3/266 (1.13%)

2/192 (1.04%)

1/74 (1.35%)

1.000a

Medication history of aspirin

17/266 (6.39%)

13/192 (6.77%)

4/74 (5.41%)

0.787b

Medication history of statin

20/266 (7.52%)

17/192 (8.85%)

3/74 (4.05%)

0.183b

Medication history of nutritional supplements

39/266 (14.66%)

30/192 (15.63%)

9/74 (12.16%)

0.474b

  1. aWilcoxon rank sum test, bChi-squared test, cFisher’s exact test
  2. dIf at least one eye was diagnosed as presenile nuclear cataract, it was considered a presenile nuclear cataract patient
  3. Examples of physical exercise degree: almost absent (walking for less than 10 min), mild (walking, golf, housework), moderate (bicycle, fast walking, tennis, swimming, hiking), vigorous (aerobics, jogging, soccer)
  4. Alcohol consumption units: 10 g of alcohol
  5. BMI body mass index, WHR waist-hip ratio, HbA1c hemoglobin A1c, HDL high-density lipoprotein, LDL low-density lipoprotein, CRP C-reactive protein, TIBC total iron binding capacity, HBV hepatitis B virus, HCV hepatitis C virus
  6. Values are either absolute values or mean ± standard deviation values