Table 2 Strabismus outcome measures and measurements
Outcome measure domain | Studies reported the outcome measure (n/33) | Variable subdomains of outcome measure | Variable outcome measurements | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Motor alignment | 26 (79%) | Motor alignment / angle of deviation 26 Orthotropia or microtropia 1 Manifest strabismus 1 Hyperdeviation 1 | Prism and alternate cover test 12 Simultaneous prism and cover test 8 Cover-uncover test 5 Synoptophore 4 Alternate cover test 3 Hirschberg test 3 Krimsky 3 Prism Bar Cover Test 1 Prism under cover test 1 Corneal reflection tests 1 | [2, 4, 5, 42, 52,53,54,55,56,57,58,59,60, 63, 65,66,67,68, 70, 71, 74,75,76,77,78,79] |
Binocularity | 21 (64%) | Presence and quality of binocularity /binocular single vision 9 Stereoacuity at near 8 Steroeacuity at near & distance 4 Sensory fusion 2 | Randot stereoacuity test 3 TNO 3 Titmus Housefly 3 Bagolini glasses 2 Worth’s 4 dot test 2 Frisbye Davis Distance (FD2) stereotest 1 Simultaneous perception 1 Suppression 1 Presence of monofixation 1 | [2, 4, 5, 42, 52, 53, 55,56,57,58,59,60, 66,67,68, 71, 73, 75,76,77, 79] |
Adverse events | 20 (61%) | Induced A or V pattern 2 Induced vertical deviation 2 Development of DVD 2 Induced incomitance 2 Intolerable diplopia 2 Development of amblyopia 2 Induced ptosis 2 Long-term Change: re-operation rate/ recurrence /overcorrection/post-operative drift 2 Subconjunctival haemorrhage 1 Discomfort/abnormal sensory experiences 1 | Tangent screen (in degrees) 1 | [2, 4, 5, 42, 53,54,55,56, 58,59,60,61, 63, 65, 68,69,70,71, 76, 78] |
Health-related quality of Life | 16 (48%) | Improvement in quality of life 14 Patient satisfaction 2 Anxiety 1 Depression 1 Social anxiety and social avoidance 1 Well-being 1 | Intermittent Exotropia Q 6 Amblyopia and Strabismus Q 4 Adult Strabismus Q 4 Age-specific QoL assessments 2 SF-36/ SF-8/ SF-12 2 EQ-5D 2 NEI-VFQ 2 VF-14 2 EYE-Q 2 Quality of life questionnaires 2 Vision-specific quality-of-life instruments 1 Any measure of patient or parent satisfaction relating to improvement to lifestyle 1 VFQ-25 1 The amblyopia treatment index 1 CVFQ 1 VQoL_CYP 1 CAT-QoL 1 PPQ 1 LVP-FVQ 1 | [2, 4, 5, 50, 51, 53, 57, 58, 61, 62, 64, 65, 72, 73, 78, 79] |
Visual acuity | 8 (24%) | VA tests/BCVA 5 Amblyopia 3 | Log MAR or log MAR equivalent 4 Snellen 1 | |
Control of deviation | 8 (24%) | Control 7 Control of the near angle 1 Ability to maintain /control phoria with a filter 1 Control of DVD 1 | Newcastle Control Score 5 Holmes and Mohney Office Control Scale 2 Mayo Score 2 Petrunak and Rao’s five-point Scale 1 | |
Fusional vergence | 5 (15%) | Fusional vergence or amplitude for distance and near 3 Motor fusion test at near or distance or both 2 | Base out or base in prism test/ Synoptophore 1 A prism bar 1 | |
Economic outcomes | 4 (12%) | Economics (e.g. length of stay in hospital, hours of surgeons time) 2 Use of health-care resources 2 NHS costs 2 Costs to families accessing the treatments 2 | ||
Ocular movements | 3 (9%) | Ocular movements 3 Inferior oblique function 1 DVD 1 DHD 1 | Ordinal scale from 0 to 4+, grade 0 or 1+ is satisfactory 1 DVD grading scale of 1–4 1 DHD is measured by reversed fixation test 1 | |
Re-operation rates | 2 (6%) | |||
AC/A ratio | 1 (3%) | [52] | ||
Abnormal head posture | 1 (3%) | [59] | ||
Presence of latent nystagmus | 1 (3%) | Video-oculography 1 | [59] | |
Detection of strabismus using refraction devices | 1 (3%) | Plusoptix Vision Screener 1 | [77] |