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Table 1 Signs characterising normal binocular vision (NBV), convergence insufficiency (CI) and accommodative insufficiency (AI). (NFV-negative fusional vergence; PFV-positive fusional vergence; NPC-near point of convergence; RE-right eye)

From: Convergence insufficiency and accommodative insufficiency in children

Condition

Signs

NBV

1. Distance phoria: between 3∆ exo and 2∆ eso

2. Near phoria: between 6∆ exo and 2∆ eso

3. Near NFV ≥ x/7/3 (∆)

4. Near PFV ≥ x/15/10 (∆)

5. NPC break ≤6 cm

6. Amplitude of Accommodation (RE): AA > (15–0,25*Age)-2 (Hofstetter’s minimum age formula)

7. Monocular Accommodative Facility (RE): MAF ≥ 6 cpm

CI

8. Near exophoria 4∆ greater than distance phoria

9. PFV break < 15∆ or failing Sheard’s criterion

10. NPC break > 6 cm

AI

11. Monocular AA 2D ≤ Hofstetter’s minimum age formula: 15–0,25*Age

12. MAF < 6 cpm (difficulty clearing − 2,00D)

OBD

OBD’s include children with tests outside normal limits not included in previously categories.