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Table 2 Summary of skills assessed, measured outcomes and effect

From: Simulation training in vitreoretinal surgery: a systematic review

Article

Year

Skills trained

Study typea

Participants

Measured outcomes

Summary of effect

Grodin et al. [29]

2008

Complex procedure

Single group pre-post test

29 residents, 10 fellows, 6 surgeons

(1) Performance curves

(1) Improvement (NR)

Jonas et al. [23]

2003

Complex procedure, intraocular navigation

Randomized controlled trial

14 students or residents

(1) Skill acquisition

(2) Iatrogenic damage

(3) Performance curves

(1) Simulator-trained > no training (NS)

(2) Simulator-trained > no training (NS)

(3) Improvement*

Rossi et al. [24]

2004

Complex procedure, intraocular navigation

Nonrandomized group comparison

6 students, 24 residents, 14 surgeons

(1) Intraocular navigation

(2) Performance curves

(3) Skill assessment†

(4) Iatrogenic damage

(1) Students < Surgeons*

(2) Improvement*

(3) Students < Residents*, Residents < Surgeons*

(4) Students < Residents < Surgeons (NR)

Solverson et al. [25]

2009

Intraocular navigation

Nonrandomized group comparison

18 residents, 7 surgeons

(1) Intraocular navigation

(2) Instrument handling

(3) Skill assessment†

(4) Performance curves

(1) Residents and fellows < Surgeons*

(2) Residents and fellows < Surgeons*

(3) Residents and fellows < Surgeons*

(4) Residents and fellows improved (NR)

Thomsen et al. [27]

2017

Complex procedure, intraocular navigation, instrument handling

Nonrandomized group comparison

12 residents, 3 surgeons

(1) Skill assessment†

(2) Performance curves

(1) Residents < Surgeons*

(2) No difference at final, i.e. residents improved*

Vergmann et al. [26]

2017

Complex procedure, intraocular navigation, instrument handling

Nonrandomized group comparison

20 students, 10 residents, 5 surgeons

(1) Instrument handling

(2) Intraocular navigation

(3) Skill assessment†

(4) Performance curves

(1) Students and residents < Surgeons*

(2) Students and residents < Surgeons*

(3) Students and residents < Surgeons*

(4) Students and residents improved*

Yeh et al. [28]

2011

Complex procedure, instrument handling

Single group posttest only

8 residents, 5 fellows

(1) Survey

(1) Three of four statements‡ got positive feedback

  1. NR, significance level not reported; NS, not significant (p > 0.05); a, as categorized in context with desired outcomes; *, statistically significant (p < 0.05); †, related to multiple outcomes; ‡, “improved understanding of vitreoretinal surgery”, “mimic of basic vitreoretinal surgery”, “helpfulness in vitreoretinal fellowship education”