Table 3 Multivariate analyses for factors associated with cylinder power among all students (N = 4801)
Multivariate Model 1: without including spherical equivalent* | Multivariate Model 2: including spherical equivalent§ | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Characteristics | N | Mean Cylinder in diopter (SE) | P-value | Mean Cylinder in diopter (SE) | P-value |
Grade | < 0.0001 | 0.54 | |||
Kindergarten | 381 | 0.66 (0.04) | 0.91 (0.04) | ||
Grade 1 | 331 | 0.65 (0.04) | 0.92 (0.04) | ||
Grade 2 | 366 | 0.70 (0.04) | 0.94 (0.04) | ||
Grade 3 | 371 | 0.72 (0.04) | 0.94 (0.04) | ||
Grade 4 | 367 | 0.71 (0.04) | 0.93 (0.04) | ||
Grade 5 | 376 | 0.79 (0.04) | 0.94 (0.04) | ||
Grade 6 | 368 | 0.90 (0.04) | 1.01 (0.04) | ||
Grade 7 | 376 | 0.90 (0.04) | 0.98 (0.04) | ||
Grade 8 | 360 | 0.93 (0.04) | 0.97 (0.04) | ||
Grade 9 | 346 | 1.01 90.04) | 1.01 (0.04) | ||
Grade 10 | 383 | 1.09 (0.04) | 1.02 (0.04) | ||
Grade 11 | 373 | 1.06 (0.04) | 0.98 (0.04) | ||
Grade 12 | 403 | 1.04 (0.04) | 0.93 (0.04) | ||
Gender | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 | |||
Male | 2647 | 0.91 (0.01) | 1.01 (0.02) | ||
Female | 2154 | 0.81 (0.02) | 0.91 (0.02) | ||
School location | 0.10 | 0.18 | |||
Urban | 2691 | 0.88 (0.02) | 0.97 (0.02) | ||
Rural | 2110 | 0.84 (0.01) | 0.95 (0.02) | ||
Spherical equivalent of more astigmatic eye (Diopters) | < 0.0001 | ||||
≤ −6 | 351 | 1.64 (0.04) | |||
> −6, ≤ −5 | 267 | 1.21 (0.04) | |||
> −5, ≤ −4 | 414 | 1.04 (0.04) | |||
> −4, ≤ −3 | 510 | 0.94 (0.03) | |||
> −3, ≤ −2 | 584 | 0.77 (0.03) | |||
> −2, ≤ −1 | 768 | 0.74 (0.03) | |||
> −1, ≤ −0.5 | 557 | 0.68 (0.03) | |||
> −0.5, < 0.5 | 1076 | 0.63 (0.02) | |||
≥ 0.5, < 1.0 | 171 | 0.71 (0.06) | |||
≥ 1.0 | 103 | 1.23 (0.07) | |||