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Table 2 Magnitude of confounding of obesity, hypertension, hyperlipidemia and educational levels on visual impairment after adjusting the age

From: Sociodemographic, behavioral, and medical risk factors associated with visual impairment among older adults: a community-based pilot survey in Southern District of Hong Kong

 

Unilateral Visual Impairment

Bilateral Visual Impairment

Estimate (95% CI)

p-value

Estimate (95% CI)

p-value

A

 Association of age with VI

1.06 (1.02–1.10)

0.001***

1.09 (1.03–1.15)

0.003***

 Association of age with obesity

1.03 (0.99–1.06)

0.163

1.03 (0.99–1.06)

0.163

 Association of obesity with VI

2.00 (1.09–3.63)

0.024**

3.63 (1.46–9.36)

0.006***

 Association of age and obesity with VI

  -Age

1.06 (1.02–1.10)

0.002***

1.09 (1.03–1.16)

0.003***

  -Obesity

1.89 (1.02–3.49)

0.041**

3.58 (1.40–9.52)

0.008***

 Magnitude of confounding: relative change in OR of obesity on VI after adjusting the age

  - Obesity

5.50%

(<  10%)

1.38%

(<  10%)

B

 Association of age with VI

1.06 (1.02–1.10)

0.001***

1.09 (1.03–1.15)

0.003***

 Association of age with history of hypertension

1.10 (1.06–1.14)

<  0.001***

1.10 (1.06–1.14)

<  0.001***

 Association of history of hypertension with VI

1.97 (1.12–3.51)

0.019**

2.19 (0.89–5.61)

0.091*

 Association of age and history of hypertension with VI

  -Age

1.05 (1.01–1.09)

0.002***

1.08 (1.02–1.15)

0.008***

  -History of hypertension

1.52 (0.83–2.79)

0.008**

1.48 (0.56–3.95)

0.426

 Magnitude of confounding: relative change in OR of history of hypertension on VI after adjusting the age

  - History of hypertension

22.84%

(>  10%)

32.42%

(>  10%)

C

 Association of age with VI

1.06 (1.02–1.10)

0.001***

1.09 (1.03–1.15)

0.003***

 Association of age with history of hyperlipidemia

1.04 (0.99–1.08)

0.121

1.04 (0.99–1.08)

0.121

 Association of history of hyperlipidemia with VI

1.53 (0.71–3.22)

0.266

3.22 (1.13–8.51)

0.021**

 Association of age and history of hyperlipidemia with VI

  -Age

1.06 (1.02–1.10)

0.002***

1.09 (1.03–1.16)

0.004***

  -History of hyperlipidemia

1.37 (0.63–2.93)

0.419

2.96 (1.01–8.06)

0.038**

 Magnitude of confounding: relative change in OR of history of hyperlipidemia on VI after adjusting the age

  - History of hyperlipidemia

10.46%

(≈ 10%)

8.07%

(<  10%)

D

 Association of age with VI

1.06 (1.02–1.10)

0.001***

1.09 (1.03–1.15)

0.003***

 Association of age with educational level

0.91 (0.88–0.95)

<  0.001***

0.91 (0.88–0.95)

<  0.001***

 Association of educational level with VI

  - Secondary level

0.44 (0.22–0.88)

0.020**

0.19 (0.06–0.53)

0.002***

  - Non-degree level

0.20 (0.07–0.56)

0.003***

0.22 (0.03–0.89)

0.058*

  - Degree level

0.21 (0.06–0.61)

0.006***

0.27 (0.04–1.11)

0.106

 Association of age and educational level with VI

  -Age

1.05 (1.01–1.09)

0.018**

1.07 (1.01–1.14)

0.030**

  -Educational level

   - Secondary level

0.55 (0.27–1.13)

0.101

0.25 (0.08–0.74)

0.014**

   - Non-degree level

0.26 (0.08–0.72)

0.013**

0.32 (0.05–1.40)

0.169

   - Degree level

0.29 (0.08–0.86)

0.034**

0.44 (0.06–2.02)

0.333

 Magnitude of confounding: relative change in OR of educational level on VI after adjusting the age

  - Secondary level

25%

(>  10%)

31.58%

(>  10%)

  - Non-degree level

30%

(>  10%)

45.45%

(>  10%)

  - Degree level

38%

(>  10%)

62.96%

(>  10%)

  1. CI confidence interval, VI visual impairment
  2. * p-value < 0.1; **p-value < 0.05; *** p-value < 0.01
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BMC Ophthalmology

ISSN: 1471-2415

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