Table 1 Participant characteristics and predictors of ocular complications among children with nephrotic syndrome at Mulago hospital
Characteristic | Total | Proportion(%) | Ocular complications | Crude RR | P-value | Adjusted RR(95% CI) | P-Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No (n, %) | Yes (n, %) | |||||||
Current age in years | ||||||||
mean ± SD | 10 ± 4 | |||||||
1–5 | 17 | 17 | 8 (47.1) | 9 (52.9) | 1 | 1 | ||
6–10 | 42 | 42 | 10 (23.8) | 32 (76.2) | 1.44 | 0.138 | 1.44 (0.89,2.33) | |
> 10 | 41 | 41 | 2 (4.9) | 39 (95.1) | 1.8 | 0.012 | 1.37 (1.14,1.64) | 0.001* |
Sex | ||||||||
Female | 52 | 52 | 13 (25.0) | 39 (75.0) | 1 | |||
Male | 48 | 48 | 7 (14.6) | 41 (85.4) | 1.14 | 0.195 | ||
Residence | ||||||||
Rural | 34 | 34 | 6 (17.7) | 28 (82.3) | 1 | |||
Semi-urban | 32 | 32 | 8 (25.0) | 24 (75.0) | 0.91 | 0.472 | ||
Urban | 34 | 34 | 6 (17.7) | 28 (82.3) | 1.01 | 0.999 | ||
Education | ||||||||
Pre-school | 21 | 21 | 9 (42.9) | 12 (57.1) | 1 | |||
Primary | 79 | 79 | 11 (13.9) | 68 (86.1) | 1.51 | 0.003 | ||
Weight at diagnosis | ||||||||
< 20 | 36 | 36 | 10 (27.8) | 26 (72.2) | 1 | |||
20–29 | 34 | 34 | 7 (20.6) | 27 (79.4) | 1.1 | 0.485 | ||
≥ 30 | 30 | 30 | 3 (10.0) | 27 (90.0) | 1.25 | 0.068 | ||
HIV Status | ||||||||
Negative | 17 | 17 | 3 (17.7) | 14 (82.3) | 1 | |||
Positive | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 (100) | 1.21 | 0.085 | ||
Unknown | 82 | 82 | 17 (20.7) | 65 (79.3) | 0.96 | 0.762 | ||
Current diagnosis | ||||||||
In remission | 24 | 24 | 6 (25.0) | 18 (75.0) | 1 | |||
NS | 62 | 62 | 13 (21.0) | 49 (79.0) | 1.05 | 0.699 | ||
SDNS | 14 | 14 | 1 (7.1) | 13 (92.9) | 1.24 | 0.127 | ||
Hypertension | ||||||||
No | 84 | 84 | 18 (21.4) | 66 (78.6) | 1 | |||
Yes | 16 | 16 | 2 (12.5) | 14 (87.5) | 1.11 | 0.332 | ||
Medication | ||||||||
Combination | 19 | 19 | 3 (15.8) | 16 (84.2) | 1 | |||
Only prednisolone | 81 | 81 | 17 (21.0) | 64 (79.0) | 0.94 | 0.58 | ||
Use of traditional eye medicine | ||||||||
No | 97 | 97 | 19 (19.6) | 78 (80.4) | 1 | |||
Yes | 3 | 3 | 1 (33.3) | 2 (66.7) | 0.83 | 0.65 | ||
Number of days on treatment | ||||||||
< 100 | 20 | 20 | 6 (30.0) | 14 (70.0) | 1 | |||
100–199 | 22 | 22 | 5 (22.7) | 17 (77.3) | 1.1 | 0.598 | ||
≥ 200 | 58 | 58 | 9 (15.5) | 49 (84.5) | 1.21 | 0.233 | ||
Average daily dose of Prednisolone | ||||||||
< 15 mg | 22 | 22 | 3 (13.6) | 19 (86.4) | 1 | |||
15-30 mg | 58 | 58 | 14 (24.1) | 44 (75.9) | 0.88 | 0.252 | ||
> 30 mg | 20 | 20 | 3 (15.0) | 17 (85.0) | 0.98 | 0.999 | ||
Cumulative dose per square meter | ||||||||
< 5000 | 61 | 61 | 15 (24.6) | 46 (75.4) | 1 | |||
5000–10,000 | 27 | 2 | 3 (11.1) | 24 (88.9) | 1.18 | 0.101 | ||
> 10,000 | 12 | 12 | 2 (16.7) | 10 (83.3) | 1.11 | 0.503 | ||
Average daily dose of prednisolone per kg weight | ||||||||
< 1 | 57 | 57 | 10 (17.5) | 47 (82.5) | 1 | |||
1–1.5 | 30 | 30 | 6 (20.0) | 24 (80.0) | 0.97 | 0.784 | ||
> 1.5 | 13 | 13 | 4 (30.8) | 9 (69.2) | 0.84 | 0.372 | ||
Number of relapses | ||||||||
Infrequent relapse | 99 | 99 | 20 (20.2) | 79 (79.8) | 1 | |||
Frequent relapse | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 (100) | 1.25 | < 0.001 | ||