Prevalence and risk factors of refractive error in Qinghai, China: a cross-sectional study in Han and Tibetan adults in Xining and surrounding areas

Table 3 Results of multivariate logistic regression of refractive errors in Han and Tibetan

	Myopia			Hyperopia					High myopia				Astigmatism
	Odds Ratio	95%CI lower	95%CI upper	P value	Odds Ratio	95%CI lower	95%CI upper	P value	Odds Ratio	95%CI lower	95%CI upper	P value	Odds Ratio	95%CI lower	95%CI upper	P value
Ethnicity	0.58	0.42	0.79	0.000	0.93	0.65	1.33	0.688	0.40	0.15	1.10	0.077	0.78	0.59	1.02	0.070
Sex	1.20	0.77	1.86	0.421	0.85	0.52	1.38	0.502	1.88	0.60	5.90	0.279	1.22	0.85	1.76	0.278
Age period
50–54	1.00				1.00				1.00				1.00
55–59	1.11	0.76	1.61	0.599	2.92	1.81	4.71	0.000	0.53	0.18	1.59	0.260	1.62	1.17	2.25	0.004
60–64	1.17	0.77	1.78	0.460	5.24	3.27	8.39	0.000	0.62	0.20	1.95	0.415	2.29	1.60	3.28	0.000
65+	1.60	1.04	2.45	0.032	6.46	3.92	10.65	0.000	0.53	0.15	1.86	0.322	4.29	2.80	6.57	0.000
Time in rural area	0.99	0.99	1.00	0.048	1.00	0.99	1.00	0.323	0.99	0.97	1.01	0.510	0.99	0.99	1.00	0.045
Education
< =primary school	1.00				1.00				1.00				1.00
middle/High school	0.99	0.66	1.48	0.965	1.34	0.85	2.13	0.209	0.34	0.10	1.15	0.082	1.01	0.71	1.44	0.967
undergraduate/graduate	1.82	1.06	3.13	0.031	0.77	0.33	1.79	0.547	0.57	0.14	2.30	0.431	1.05	0.63	1.73	0.857
Occupation	1.26	0.84	1.89	0.260	0.81	0.50	1.32	0.400	1.63	0.51	5.24	0.414	0.79	0.55	1.15	0.220
Active level	0.69	0.53	0.91	0.007	0.82	0.60	1.12	0.210	1.03	0.45	2.32	0.950	0.89	0.71	1.13	0.347
BMI	0.95	0.91	0.99	0.015	0.99	0.94	1.03	0.556	1.01	0.91	1.12	0.820	1.00	0.97	1.04	0.924
Pterygium	0.90	0.52	1.56	0.709	1.92	1.15	3.22	0.013	0.26	0.03	2.14	0.210	1.50	0.93	2.41	0.097
Smoking	1.16	0.75	1.80	0.496	0.98	0.60	1.61	0.942	0.41	0.11	1.53	0.187	1.33	0.92	1.93	0.127

Note: Multivariate logistic regression model with 10 indicators including ethnicity, sex, age period, rural level, education level, occupation, active level, BMI, pterygium status of the same eye, and smoking practice was used to assess risk factors for myopia, hyperopia, high myopia and astigmatism. Myopia and hyperopia results were compared to emmetropic individuals. High myopia results were compared to individuals with light or moderate myopia. OR of ethnicity was Tibetan/Han. OR of sex was female/male. OR of occupation was close-workers/non close-workers. OR of Pterygium was the eye with pterygium/eye without pterygium. OR of smoking was individual smoked/individual never smoked

ISSN: 1471-2415