Table 1 Sample descriptive statistics and univariate analysis results
Variables | Frequency (% of Total) | Occurrence of Near-sighted Refractive Error (Yes = 1, No = 0) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
Frequency (Yes = 1) | % of Category | p-value | ||
Occurrence of Near-sighted Refractive Error | ||||
Yes | 711 (68.2) | – | – | – |
No | 1523 (31.8) | – | – | – |
Sex a | ||||
Female | 1070 (47.9) | 338 | 31.6 | 0.817 |
Male | 1164 (52.1) | 373 | 32.0 | |
Grade Level a | ||||
1st | 291 (13.0) | 73 | 25.1 | 0.061 |
2nd | 404 (18.1) | 120 | 29.7 | |
3rd | 318 (14.2) | 109 | 34.3 | |
4th | 420 (18.8) | 133 | 31.7 | |
5th | 363 (16.2) | 128 | 35.3 | |
6th | 438 (19.6) | 148 | 33.8 | |
Residential Location a | ||||
Rural | 453 (20.3) | 152 | 33.6 | 0.289 |
Urban-Rural Transitional | 174 (7.8) | 47 | 27.0 | |
Urban | 1607 (71.9) | 512 | 31.9 | |
Prior Refractive Error Condition a | ||||
Yes | 502 (22.5) | 286 | 57.0 | 0.000*** |
No | 1732 (77.5) | 425 | 24.5 | |
Proximity-weighted e-Screen Use, dh (mean, s.d.) b | 11.04 (8.91) | mean (1) – mean (0) = 3.64 | 0.000*** | |
Illuminance-weighted e-Screen Use, h • W m−2 sr −1 (mean, s.d.) b | 0.64 (0.45) | mean (1) – mean (0) = 0.21 | 0.000*** | |
Level of Psychosocial Stress a | ||||
Apprehensive | 318 (14.2) | 176 | 55.4 | 0.000*** |
Composed | 375 (16.8) | 75 | 20.0 | |
Indifferent | 1541 (69.0) | 460 | 29.9 | |
Frequency of Outdoor Activity a | ||||
7 times/week | 414 (18.5) | 135 | 32.6 | 0.088 |
4–6 times/week | 288 (12.9) | 79 | 27.4 | |
1–3 times/week | 1123 (50.3) | 349 | 31.1 | |
0 times/week | 409 (18.3) | 148 | 36.2 | |