Table 2 Cox model measured hazard ratios and 95% confidence interval of Parkinson’s disease associated with age-related macular degeneration, sex, age, comorbidity, numbers of comorbidity, and medication
From: Increased risk of Parkinson’s disease among patients with age-related macular degeneration
Variable | Parkinson’s disease | Crude HR (95% CI) | Adjusted HR (95% CI) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Event | PY | IR | |||
Age-related Macular Degeneration | |||||
No | 275 | 57,168 | 4.81 | 1(reference) | 1(reference) |
Yes | 433 | 59,008 | 7.34 | 1.52 (1.31–1.77)*** | 1.35 (1.15–1.57)*** |
Sex | |||||
Female | 306 | 58,550 | 5.23 | 1(reference) | 1(reference) |
Male | 402 | 57,625 | 6.98 | 1.34 (1.15–1.55)*** | 1.26 (1.07–1.48)** |
Age, years | |||||
50–59 | 27 | 21,129 | 1.28 | 1(reference) | 1(reference) |
60–69 | 160 | 37,650 | 4.25 | 3.32 (2.21–4.99)*** | 2.88 (1.91–4.34)*** |
70–79 | 364 | 42,840 | 8.50 | 6.66 (4.50–9.85)*** | 5.12 (3.44–7.62)*** |
80–100 | 157 | 14,556 | 10.8 | 8.57 (5.69–12.9)*** | 6.12 (4.02–9.31)*** |
P for trend | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 | |||
Comorbidity | |||||
Osteoporosis | |||||
No | 526 | 92,789 | 5.67 | 1(reference) | 1(reference) |
Yes | 182 | 23,387 | 7.78 | 1.37 (1.16–1.62)*** | 1.18 (0.98–1.41) |
Diabetes | |||||
No | 377 | 72,100 | 5.23 | 1(reference) | 1(reference) |
Yes | 331 | 44,075 | 7.51 | 1.44 (1.24–1.67)*** | 1.21 (1.03–1.42)* |
Cirrhosis | |||||
No | 445 | 78,977 | 5.63 | 1(reference) | 1(reference) |
Yes | 263 | 37,198 | 7.07 | 1.25 (1.08–1.46)** | 1.15 (0.98–1.35) |
Cerebrovascular disease | |||||
No | 457 | 93,109 | 4.91 | 1(reference) | 1(reference) |
Yes | 251 | 23,066 | 10.88 | 2.23 (1.91–2.60)*** | 1.60 (1.36–1.89)*** |
Chronic kidney disease | |||||
No | 663 | 111,329 | 5.96 | 1(reference) | 1(reference) |
Yes | 45 | 4847 | 9.28 | 1.57 (1.16–2.12)** | 1.09 (0.80–1.48) |
Hypertension | |||||
No | 145 | 42,494 | 3.41 | 1(reference) | 1(reference) |
Yes | 563 | 73,682 | 7.64 | 2.24 (1.87–2.70)*** | 1.55 (1.27–1.89)*** |
Hyperlipidemia | |||||
No | 466 | 77,239 | 6.03 | 1(reference) | 1(reference) |
Yes | 242 | 38,936 | 6.22 | 1.03 (0.88–1.20) | 0.82 (0.69–0.97)* |
Coronary artery disease | |||||
No | 649 | 109,614 | 5.92 | 1(reference) | 1(reference) |
Yes | 59 | 6561 | 8.99 | 1.52 (1.16–1.98)** | 1.01 (0.77–1.33) |
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | |||||
No | 399 | 77,468 | 5.15 | 1(reference) | 1(reference) |
Yes | 309 | 38,707 | 7.98 | 1.55 (1.34–1.80)*** | 1.07 (0.91–1.25) |
Numbers of comorbidity | |||||
0 | 41 | 18,974 | 2.16 | 1(reference) | 1(reference) |
≥ 1 | 667 | 97,201 | 6.86 | 3.19 (2.32–4.37)*** | 2.43 (1.76–3.36)*** |
Medication | |||||
Statin | |||||
No | 168 | 26,943 | 6.24 | 1(reference) | 1(reference) |
Yes | 540 | 89,232 | 6.05 | 0.97 (0.81–1.16) | 0.86 (0.72–1.03) |
CCB | |||||
No | 172 | 28,424 | 6.05 | 1(reference) | 1(reference) |
Yes | 536 | 87,751 | 6.11 | 1.01 (0.85–1.20) | 0.77 (0.64–0.93)** |