Table 1 The associations of early AMD with lifestyle and dietary characteristics of 43,672 participants of ≥ 50 years old who underwent health examination during 2017–2019 (* p < 0.05)
Variable | Whole cohort | Early AMD | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Presence | Absence | |||
Total [cases (%)] | 43,672 | 1080 (2.5) | 42,592 (97.5) | Â |
Gender[cases (%)] | Â | Â | Â | 0.000* |
 Men | 26,350 (60.3) | 674 (2.6) | 25,676 (97.4) |  |
 Women | 17,322(39.7) | 406 (2.3) | 16,916 (97.7) |  |
Age group [cases (%)] | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 50–59 years | 28,280(64.8) | 289 (1.0) | 27,991 (99.0) |  |
 60–69 years | 11,103(25.4) | 401 (3.6) | 10,702 (96.4) | 0.000* (vs. 50–59 years group) |
 ≥ 70 years | 4289(9.8) | 390 (9.1) | 3899 (90.9) | 0.000* (vs. 60–69 years group) |
Waist-to-hip ratio (mean ± SD) | 0.91 ± 1.26 | 0.91 ± 0.00 | 0.91 ± 0.01 | 0.223 |
BMI (mean ± SD) | 24.44 ± 2.96 | 24.65 ± 0.97 | 24.44 ± 0.15 | 0.023* |
Leukocyte count (*109)(mean ± SD) | 6.29 ± 2.02 | 6.30 ± 0.05 | 6.29 ± 0.01 | 0.817 |
Lymphocyte count (*1012) (mean ± SD) | 2.02 ± 0.67 | 1.97 ± 0.02 | 2.02 ± 0.00 | 0.009* |
Neotrophil count (*109) (mean ± SD) | 3.70 ± 1.46 | 3.76 ± 0.37 | 3.79 ± 0.01 | 0.157 |
Eosinophil count (*109) (mean ± SD) | 0.16 ± 0.16 | 0.15 ± 0.00 | 0.16 ± 0.00 | 0.198 |
Basophil count (*109) (mean ± SD) | 0.03 ± 0.02 | 0.03 ± 0.00 | 0.03 ± 0.00 | 0.611 |
FBS (mmol/l) (mean ± SD) | 5.94 ± 1.59 | 6.09 ± 0.05 | 5.94 ± 0.01 | 0.003* |
Cholesterol (mmol/l) (mean ± SD) | 5.19 ± 1.00 | 5.07 ± 0.03 | 5.20 ± 0.00 |  < 0.001* |
Triglyceride (mmol/l) (mean ± SD) | 1.84 ± 1.57 | 1.67 ± 0.04 | 1.85 ± 0.01 |  < 0.001* |
HDL (mmol/l) (mean ± SD) | 1.37 ± 0.31 | 1.37 ± 0.01 | 1.37 ± 0.00 | 0.323 |
LDL (mmol/l) (mean ± SD) | 2.99 ± 0.87 | 2.93 ± 0.027 | 3.00 ± 0.00 | 0.017* |
Salt intake (g/d) (mean ± SD) | 8.41 ± 1.20 | 9.26 ± 0.56 | 8.39 ± 0.68 |  < 0.001* |
Education level [cases (%)] | 43,672 | Â | Â | 0.018* |
Primary school and below | 8658(19.8) | 264 (3.0) | 8394 (97.0) | Â |
 Middle/high school | 11,149(25.5) | 267 (2.4) | 10,882 (97.6) |  |
 College | 20,421(46.8) | 490 (2.4) | 19,931 (97.6) |  |
 Postgraduate and above | 3444(7.9) | 59 (1.7) | 3385 (98.3) |  |
Dietary pattern [cases (%)] | 43,672 | Â | Â | 0.003* |
 Light food | 5463(12.5) | 118 (2.2) | 5345 (97.8) |  |
 Salt food | 14,074(32.2) | 336 (2.4) | 13,738 (97.6) |  |
 Not sure | 24,135(55.3) | 626 (2.6) | 23,509 (97.4) |  |
Staple food [cases (%)] | 43,672 | Â | Â | 0.007* |
 Primarily refined grain | 17,767(40.7) | 383 (2.2) | 17,384 (97.8) |  |
 Coarse and refined grain | 20,012(45.8) | 571 (2.9) | 19,441 (97.1) |  |
 Primarily coarse grain | 2816(6.5) | 64 (2.3) | 2752 (97.7) |  |
 Not sure | 3077(7.0) | 62 (2.0) | 3015 (98.0) |  |
Milk consumption [cases (%)] | 43,672 |  |  |  < 0.001* |
 No | 15,406(35.3) | 399 (2.6) | 15,007 (97.4) |  |
 1–2 times/week | 19,345(44.3) | 446 (2.3) | 18,899 (97.7) |  |
 3–5 times/week | 6200(14.2) | 164 (2.6) | 6036 (97.4) |  |
 Every day | 2721(6.2) | 71 (2.6) | 2650 (97.4) |  |
Egg consumption [cases (%)] | 43,672 |  |  |  < 0.001* |
 No | 1811(4.1) | 41 (2.3) | 1770 (97.7) |  |
 1–2 times/week | 17,091(39.1) | 369 (2.2) | 16,722 (97.8) |  |
 3–5 times/week | 17,050(39.0) | 396 (2.3) | 16,654 (97.7) |  |
 Every day | 7720(17.7) | 274 (3.5) | 7446 (96.5) |  |
Bean/bean product consumption [cases (%)] | 43,672 | Â | Â | 0.006* |
 No | 2013(4.6) | 49 (2.4) | 1964 (97.6) |  |
 1–2 times/week | 26,361(60.4) | 595 (2.3) | 25,766 (97.7) |  |
 3–5 times/week | 13,522(31.0) | 383 (2.8) | 13,139 (97.2) |  |
 Every day | 1776(4.1) | 53 (3.0) | 1723 (97.0) |  |
Fruit consumption [cases (%)] | 43,672 | Â | Â | 0.366 |
 No | 1948(4.5) | 58 (3.0) | 1890 (97.0) |  |
 1–2 times/week | 19,033(43.6) | 431 (2.3) | 18,602 (97.7) |  |
 3–5 times/week | 16,863(38.6) | 426 (2.5) | 16,437 (97.5) |  |
 Every day | 5828(13.3) | 165 (2.8) | 5663 (97.2) |  |
Vegetable consumption [cases (%)] | 43,672 | Â | Â | 0.014* |
 < 100 g | 5550(12.7) | 138 (2.5) | 5412 (97.5) |  |
 100–199 g | 24,617(56.4) | 580 (2.4) | 24,037 (97.6) |  |
 200–499 g | 11,773(27.0) | 309 (2.6) | 11,464 (97.4) |  |
 ≥ 500 g | 1732(4.0) | 53 (3.1) | 1679 (96.9) |  |
Meat consumption [cases (%)] | 43,672 | Â | Â | 0.024* |
 < 50 g | 12,849(29.4) | 329 (2.6) | 12,520 (97.4) |  |
 50–100 g | 25,140(57.6) | 642 (2.6) | 24,498 (97.4) |  |
 101–250 g | 5337(12.2) | 98 (1.8) | 5239 (98.2) |  |
 > 250 g | 346(0.8) | 11 (3.2) | 335 (96.8) |  |
Animal viscera consumption [cases (%)] | 43,672 |  |  |  < 0.001* |
 No | 15,376(35.2) | 307 (2.0) | 15,069 (98.0) |  |
 1–2 times/week | 27,177(62.2) | 741 (2.7) | 26,436 (97.3) |  |
 ≥ 3 times/week | 1119(2.6) | 32 (2.9) | 1087 (97.1) |  |
Fish consumption [cases (%)] | 43,672 | Â | Â | 0.998 |
 No | 2961(6.8) | 86 (2.9) | 2875 (97.1) |  |
 1–2 times/week | 29,444(67.4) | 716 (2.4) | 28,728 (97.6) |  |
 ≥ 3 times/week | 11,267(25.8) | 278 (2.5) | 10,989 (97.5) |  |
Coffee consumption [cases (%)] | 43,672 | Â | Â | 0.244 |
 No | 33,512(76.7) | 862 (2.6) | 32,650 (97.4) |  |
 1–2 times/week | 8736(20.0) | 181 (2.1) | 8555 (97.9) |  |
 3–5 times/week | 1043(2.4) | 29 (2.8) | 1014 (97.2) |  |
 Every day | 381(0.9) | 8 (2.1) | 373 (97.9) |  |
Juice consumption [cases (%)] | 43,672 | Â | Â | 0.025* |
 No | 30,283(69.3) | 794 (2.6) | 29,489 (97.4) |  |
 1–2 times/week | 12,720(29.1) | 268 (2.1) | 12,452 (97.9) |  |
 3–5 times/week | 598(1.4) | 16 (2.7) | 582 (97.3) |  |
 Every day | 71(0.2) | 2 (2.8) | 69 (97.2) |  |
Smoking [cases (%)] | 43,672 | Â | Â | 0.002* |
 No | 30,051(68.8) | 703 (2.3) | 29,348 (97.7) |  |
 Yes | 10,716(24.5) | 317 (3.0) | 10,399 (97.0) |  |
 Quit smoking | 1870(4.3) | 46 (2.5) | 1824 (97.5) |  |
 Passive smoking | 1035(2.4) | 14 (1.4) | 1021 (98.6) |  |
Alcohol drinking [cases (%)] | 43,672 |  |  |  < 0.001* |
 Never | 38,315(87.7) | 952 (2.5) | 37,363 (97.5) |  |
 Yes (> 1 day/week) | 3372(7.7) | 68 (2.0) | 3304 (98.0) |  |
Quit drinking (at least 1Â year) | 1985(4.5) | 60 (3.0) | 1925 (97.0) | Â |
Physical exercises [cases (%)] | 43,672 |  |  |  < 0.001* |
 < 1 times/week | 11,165(25.6) | 242 (2.2) | 10,923 (97.8) |  |
 1–2 times/week | 7391(16.9) | 143 (1.9) | 7248 (98.1) |  |
 3–5 times/week | 13,788(31.6) | 321 (2.3) | 13,467 (97.7) |  |
 > 5 times/week | 11,328(25.9) | 374 (3.3) | 10,954 (96.7) |  |