Table 1 Characteristics of participants in the NHANES (2009—2016) by diabetic retinopathy

Age, years

61.1 ± 13.3

61.9 ± 13.0

0.199

SBP, mmHg

131.6 ± 19.6

132.1 ± 20.5

0.642

DBP, mmHg

68.5 ± 14.2

66.9 ± 14.3

0.075

BMI, kg/m²

32.3 ± 7.4

32.9 ± 8.2

0.098

Waist circumference, cm

109.1 ± 15.6

110.9 ± 17.8

0.081

TC, mg/dl

180.8 ± 45.2

177.0 ± 45.0

0.063

HDL, mg/dl

48.4 ± 14.4

47.5 ± 14.9

0.198

LDL, mg/dl

101.8 ± 35.9

97.7 ± 34.5

0.085

Triglycerides, mg/dl

148.7 ± 110.8

149.3 ± 116.4

0.940

CRP, mg/dl

0.5 ± 0.7

0.6 ± 0.8

0.047*

HbA1c, %

7.4 ± 1.8

7.9 ± 1.9

< 0.001**

Hemoglobin, g/dl

13.6 ± 1.6

13.4 ± 1.6

0.544

Neutrophil count, 10⁹ /l

4.6 ± 1.7

4.8 ± 1.8

0.018*

Lymphocyte count, 10⁹ /l

2.2 ± 0.9

2.1 ± 0.8

0.002**

NLR

2.4 ± 1.5

2.7 ± 1.7

< 0.001**

PIR

2.2 ± 1.5

2.1 ± 1.5

0.202

Diabetes duration, years

10.1 ± 4.9

12.9 ± 3.0

< 0.001**

Gender, n (%)

< 0.001**

Male

1056 (49.5)

368 (57.8)

Female

1079 (50.5)

269 (42.2)

Marital Status

0.348

 Married, %

1237 (58.2)

372 (58.6)

 Widowed/divorced, %

676 (31.8)

211 (33.2)

 Never married, %

214 (10.1)

52 (8.2)

Stroke, n (%)

< 0.001**

 Yes

173 (8.1)

80 (12.6)

 No

1954 (91.9)

555 (87.4)

CHD, n (%)

0.012*

 Yes

213 (10.1)

86 (13.7)

 No

1898 (89.9)

544 (86.3)

HF, n (%)

< 0.001**

 Yes

175 (8.3)

92 (14.6)

 No

1945 (91.7)

538 (85.4)