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Table 3 Associations between retinal microvascular parameters and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) in GUSTO cohort

From: Gestational diabetes mellitus and retinal microvasculature

Retinal Microvascular measures

Mean Difference between GDM and non-GDM Groups

Model 1

Model 2

Mean difference

95% CI

Mean difference

95% CI

Caliber (μm)

Arterioles

-1.6

-3.1, -0.2

-1.2

-2.7, 0.3

Venules

-1.6

-3.6, 0.5

-1.3

-3.4, 0.8

Fractal dimension (Df)

Arterioles

-0.01

-0.02, -0.001

-0.01

-0.02, 0.001

Venules

-0.01

-0.01, 0.001

-0.01

-0.01, 0.001

Branching angle (degrees)

Arterioles

1.8

0.3, 3.3

2.0

0.5, 3.6

Venules

-0.8

-2.3, 0.8

-0.6

-2.2, 0.9

  1. Model 1, adjusted for age, ethnicity and maternal education
  2. Model 2, model 1 and additionally adjusted for history of hypertension, weight gain at 26–28 weeks gestation, family history of diabetes, maternal pre-pregnancy overweight/obese status, history of past gestational diabetes and parity
  3. Bold data mean difference and 95% CI, meaning the p value for such estimates are significant
  4. Abbreviations: CI confidence interval