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Table 1 Characteristics of the Study Participants

From: The non-linear relationship between serum albumin and diabetic retinopathy in type 2 diabetes mellitus: a secondary analysis based on a cross-sectional study

Variable

Without DR (n = 259)

With DR (n = 167)

P-value

Age (years) *

58.08 ± 13.70

60.41 ± 12.90

0.081

Male sex, n (%) #

162 (62.55%)

78 (46.71%)

0.001

DM duration (years) ‡

6.00 (1.00–12.00)

10.00 (7.50–18.00)

< 0.001

BMI (kg/m2) ‡

25.1 (22.8–27.0)

24.0 (22.2–26.5)

0.016

SBP (mmHg) ‡

133.00 (124.00-147.00)

140.00 (125.50-159.50)

< 0.001

DBP (mmHg) *

80.22 ± 11.60

79.60 ± 11.49

0.588

Hypertension, n (%) #

114 (44.02%)

94 (56.29%)

0.013

Serum albumin (g/L) ‡

38.20 (36.30–40.10)

36.90 (34.40–39.70)

0.002

HbA1c (%) ‡

9.40 (7.80-11.28)

9.40 (8.00-11.20)

0.987

ALT (U/L) ‡

20.00 (15.00–27.00)

16.00 (12.00–23.00)

< 0.001

AST (U/L) ‡

19.50 (16.00–24.00)

17.00 (14.00–23.00)

0.002

Acetylcholinesterase (U/L) *

8463.67 ± 2011.18

8150.35 ± 2116.33

0.126

D-dimer (ug/L) ‡

330.00 (270.00-502.50)

410.00 (290.00-705.00)

< 0.001

TC (mmol/L) ‡

4.80 (3.90–5.60)

5.10 (4.00-6.10)

0.030

TG (mmol/L) ‡

1.51 (1.11–2.19)

1.49 (0.96–2.40)

0.929

HDL (mmol/L) ‡

0.96 (0.82–1.11)

1.02 (0.85–1.21)

0.027

LDL (mmol/L) *

3.12 ± 0.91

3.33 ± 1.06

0.026

NEFA (mmol/L) ‡

0.39 (0.26–0.53)

0.32 (0.20–0.45)

< 0.001

Lipoprotein A (mg/L) ‡

112.50 (60.00-246.00)

134.00 (82.00-262.00)

0.032

Apolipoprotein A (g/L) ‡

1.14 (1.01–1.26)

1.15 (1.01–1.31)

0.287

Apolipoprotein B (g/L) ‡

0.92 (0.74–1.09)

0.97 (0.75–1.17)

0.095

BUN (mmol/L) ‡

5.37 (4.31–6.74)

6.13 (4.90–8.64)

< 0.001

Serum creatinine (umol/L) ‡

72.00 (62.40-85.75)

75.60 (62.88–103.60)

0.032

Urinary albumin (mg/L) ‡

6.77 (3.27–18.26)

28.71 (6.10-251.66)

< 0.001

Urinary creatinine (umol/L) ‡

8.23 (5.09–13.34)

5.87 (3.92–8.31)

< 0.001

UACR (mg/g) ‡

5.83 (3.24–17.51)

41.09 (9.64-295.49)

< 0.001

eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m²) ‡

92.58 (75.89-103.46)

80.09 (48.28–98.23)

< 0.001

UACR Stage (≥ Stage 3), n (%) #

11 (4.25%)

51 (30.54%)

< 0.001

CKD Stage (≥ Stage 3), n (%) #

29 (11.20%)

52 (31.14%)

< 0.001

With DME, n (%) #

0 (0.00%)

54 (32.34%)

< 0.001

  1. DR: diabetic retinopathy; DM: diabetes mellitus; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; HbA1c: hemoglobin A1c; ALT: alanine aminotransferase; AST: aspartate transaminase; TC: total cholesterol; TG: triglycerides; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; NEFA: non-estesterified fatty acid; BUN: blood urea nitrogen; UACR: urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; CKD: chronic kidney disease; DME: diabetic macular edema
  2. *For continuous variables with normal distribution, values were presented as Mean ± SD;
  3. ‡For continuous variables with abnormal distribution, values were presented as Median (Q1-Q3);
  4. #For categorical variables, values were presented as N (%)
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BMC Ophthalmology

ISSN: 1471-2415

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