Table 3 Univariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses of risk factors for astigmatism ≥ 0.75 D (N = 25,945)

Age (year)

< 0.001

< 0.001

7

2056 (30.4)

Reference

Reference

8

2457 (32.2)

1.089 (1.015–1.169)

0.018

1.135 (1.056–1.221)

0.001

9

2481 (32.3)

1.092 (1.018–1.172)

0.014

1.100 (1.023–1.182)

0.01

10

2500 (32.7)

1.112 (1.036–1.193)

0.003

1.074 (0.999–1.155)

0.053

11

2833 (33.9)

1.172 (1.094–1.255)

< 0.001

1.067 (0.993–1.146)

0.077

12

2889 (37.1)

1.352 (1.261–1.449)

< 0.001

1.202 (1.118–1.293)

< 0.001

13

2350 (39.4)

1.488 (1.382–1.601)

< 0.001

1.327 (1.228–1.434)

< 0.001

14

2198 (40.6)

1.562 (1.449–1.683)

< 0.001

1.326 (1.224–1.437)

< 0.001

15

2029 (44.4)

1.825 (1.688–1.973)

< 0.001

1.503 (1.383–1.634)

< 0.001

16

1456 (43.5)

1.764 (1.619–1.922)

< 0.001

1.585 (1.446–1.738)

< 0.001

17

1421 (42.5)

1.695 (1.555–1.847)

< 0.001

1.507 (1.374–1.653)

< 0.001

18

994 (40.3)

1.544 (1.403–1.699)

< 0.001

1.534 (1.385–1.699)

< 0.001

19

474 (32.0)

1.077 (0.926–1.253)

0.335

1.208 (1.030–1.417)

0.02

Gender

< 0.001

Female

12,101 (34.3)

Reference

Reference

Male

13,844 (37.8)

1.162 (1.128–1.198)

< 0.001

1.186 (1.150–1.224)

< 0.001

Nationality

< 0.001

Han

17,828 (39.6)

1.829 (1.751–1.910)

< 0.001

1.611 (1.536–1.690)

< 0.001

Uyghur

3368 (26.4)

Reference

Reference

Kazakhs

509 (34.0)

1.440 (1.285–1.614)

< 0.001

1.415 (1.260–1.590)

< 0.001

Hui

1802 (34.0)

1.438 (1.342–1.541)

< 0.001

1.332 (1.239–1.433)

< 0.001

Kyrgyz

1695 (32.1)

1.320 (1.231–1.416)

< 0.001

1.271 (1.184–1.365)

< 0.001

Others

743 (37.4)

1.670 (1.513–1.844)

< 0.001

1.564 (1.413–1.732)

< 0.001

Spherical equivalent (right eye)

< 0.001

< 0.001

SE≤-6.00 D

773 (76.5)

8.216 (7.091–9.520)

< 0.001

6.391 (5.501–7.426)

< 0.001

-6.00 D < SE≤-3.00 D

4545 (57.1)

3.359 (3.196–3.531)

< 0.001

2.695 (2.551–2.848)

< 0.001

-3.00 D < SE<-0.50 D

8634 (36.7)

1.460 (1.410–1.512)

< 0.001

1.296 (1.248–1.346)

< 0.001

-0.50 D ≤ SE ≤ + 0.50 D

10,352 (28.4)

Reference

Reference

SE > + 0.50 D

1641 (56.3)

3.250 (3.010–3.509)

< 0.001

3.437 (3.180–3.716)

< 0.001