Table 1 Descriptive characteristics of patients with mortality-related ocular trauma (survivors vs. expired), National Trauma Data Bank (2008–2014)

Year

Age (years)

2008

35,662 (11.7%)

1556 (12.7%)

Mean (SD)

41.5 (22.8)

50.1 (25.5)

2009

39,923 (13.1%)

1660 (13.6%)

0–10

21,753 (7.1%)

778 (6.4%)

2010

41,526 (13.6%)

1518 (12.4%)

11–20

35,325 (11.6%)

909 (7.4%)

2011

24,376 (13.9%)

1706 (13.9%)

21–30

56,506 (18.6%)

1535 (12.5%)

2012

47,059 (15.5%)

1982 (16.2%)

31–40

40,276 (13.2%)

1077 (8.8%)

2013

46,840 (15.4%)

1786 (14.6%)

41–50

42,831 (14.1%)

1332 (10.9%)

2014

50,866 (16.7%)

2025 (16.6%)

51–60

36,719 (12.1%)

1549 (12.7%)

61–70

22,926 (7.5%)

1307 (10.7%)

Gender

71–80

20,395 (6.7%)

1398 (11.4%)

Male

211,026 (69.4%)

8598 (70.3%)

> 80

21,118 (6.9%)

1779 (14.5%)

Female

93,226 (30.6%)

3635 (29.7%)

Unknown

6403 (2.1%)

569 (4.7%)

Race

Length of Stay

Black

46,341 (15.2%)

1319 (10.8%)

Mean (SD)

6.2 (10.0)

6.4 (10.6)

White

200,329 (65.8%)

8786 (71.8%)

1 day

75,396 (24.8%)

3711 (30.3%)

Native American

3187 (1%)

67 (0.5%)

2–3 days

92,141 (30.3%)

2961 (24.2%)

Asian

5115 (1.7%)

268 (2.2%)

4–6 days

60,874 (20%)

2026 (16.6%)

Hawaiian/Pacific Islander

682 (0.2%)

30 (0.2%)

Greater than 6

75,282 (24.7%)

3527 (28.8%)

Other

48,598 (16.1%)

2128 (17.4%)

Unknown

559 (0.2%)

8 (0.1%)

Ethnicity

Injury Severity Score

Hispanic

37,630 (12.4%)

1254 (10.3%)

1–8 (minor)

118,084 (38.8%)

417 (3.4%)

9–15 (moderate)

85,856 (28.2%)

1104 (9%)

Mechanism

16–24 (Severe)

54,688 (18%)

1888 (15.4%)

Fall

77,048 (25.3%)

3630 (29.7%)

> 24 (very severe)

32,436 (10.7%)

8208 (67.1%)

MVT Occupant

66,293 (21.8%)

2673 (21.9%)

Unknown

13,188 (4.3%)

616 (5%)

Struck by, against

55,214 (18.1%)

366 (3%)

MVT Motorcyclist

15,248 (5%)

900 (7.4%)

Ocular Injuries

MVT Pedestrian

10,533 (3.5%)

967 (7.9%)

Open wound of ocular adnexa

72,448 (23.8%)

1515 (12.4%)

Other

55,663 (18.3%)

1462 (12%)

Open wound of eyeball

28,831 (9.5%)

1074 (8.8%)

Unknown

16,246 (5.3%)

429 (3.5%)

Superficial injury

33,979 (11.2%)

1077 (8.8%)

Transport, other

701 (0.2%)

397 (3.2%)

Contusion of eye/ adnexa

102,456 (33.7%)

5126 (41.9%)

Firearm

7306 (2.4%)

1409 (11.5%)

Foreign body on external eye

614 (0.2%)

6 (< 0.1%)

Intention of Injury

Burn confined to eye and adnexa

2871 (0.9%)

97 (0.8%)

Assault

61,109 (20.1%)

1486 (12.1%)

Injury to optic nerve and pathways

3671 (1.2%)

374 (3.1%)

Self-inflicted

3058 (1%)

897 (7.3%)

Injury to other cranial nerves (III, IV, VI)

6878 (2.3%)

145 (1.2%)

Unintentional

222,356 (73.1%)

9282 (75.9%)

Orbital fracture no other facial fracture

120,105 (39.5%)

4782 (39.1%)

Other

122 (< 0.1%)

4 (< 1%)

Hyphema

59 (< 0.1%)

0 (0%)

Undetermined

1361 (0.4%)

135 (1.1%)

Unknown

16,246 (5.3%)

429 (3.5%)

Locations of Injury

Farm

1697 (0.6%)

56 (0.5%)

Insurance

Home

81,272 (26.7%)

4170 (34.1%)

Commercial

102,252 (33.6%)

3466 (28.3%)

Industry

6275 (2.1%)

169 (1.4%)

Medicare

52,306 (17.2%)

3300 (27%)

Mine

157 (0.1%)

5 (< 0.1%)

Medicaid

43,530 (14.3%)

1513 (12.4%)

Public building

16,853 (5.5%)

470 (3.8%)

Self-pay

53,589 (17.6%)

1887 (15.4%)

Recreation

11,989 (3.9%)

166 (1.4%)

Other government

10,084 (3.3%)

313 (2.6%)

Residential Institution

10,449 (3.4%)

498 (4.1%)

Not billed

2489 (0.8%)

104 (0.9%)

Street

123,700 (40.7%)

5454 (44.6%)

Unknown

40,002 (13.2%)

1095 (9%)

Other

15,451 (5.1%)

446 (3.6%)

Unspecified

27,067 (8.9%)

508 (4.2%)

Unknown

9342 (3.1%)

291 (2.4%)