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Table 2 Prevalence of retinopathy in association with socio-demographic, anthropometric, clinical and biochemical parameters

From: Prevalence of retinopathy among adults with self-reported diabetes mellitus: the Sri Lanka diabetes and Cardiovascular Study

 

Prevalence of diabetic retinopathy % (95% CI)

 

All adults

Males

Females

Area of residence

   

 Urban

27.9 (22.7 – 33.6)

36.8 (22.7 – 52.9)

19.6 (10.8 – 31.6)

 Rural

26.6 (19.6 – 34.6)

26.9 (17.3 – 38.4)

28.4 (20.5 – 37.6)

Ethnicity

   

 Sinhalese

28.8 (24.1 – 33.9)

33.3 (23.9 – 43.9)

26.2 (19.5 – 33.8)

 Tamil

20.0 (6.7 – 41.1)

14.3 (7.1 – 43.0)

25.0 (4.4 – 61.2)

 Muslim

21.2 (11.3 – 34.7)

21.4 (5.8 – 47.9)

21.1 (7.1 – 43.3)

Level of education

   

 No formal education

25.0 (8.8 – 49.4)

50.0 (2.5 – 97.5)

20.0 (3.5 – 51.9)

 Primary education

49.0 (37.4 – 60.7)§

50.0 (35.1 – 64.9)§

48.6 (32.5 – 64.9)§

 Secondary education

21.6 (17.1 – 26.6)§

24.4 (15.8 – 34.8)§

19.8 (13.6 – 27.5)§

 Tertiary education

41.7 (20.4 – 65.6)

45.5 (18.9 – 74.1)

0

Monthly income (LKR)

   

 < 7,000

28.6 (22.4 – 35.4)

40.6 (24.8 – 58.1)

24.8 (17.1 – 33.9)

 7,000 – 24,999

28.7 (22.2 – 36.0)

29.6 (18.6 – 42.8)

27.9 (17.7 – 40.1)

 25,000 – 49,999

17.6 (6.1 – 36.9)

18.2 (3.2 – 48.3)

16.7 (0.8 – 59.3)

 ≥ 50,000

0

0

0

Current smoking

   

 Non-smoker

26.5 (24.1 – 28.2)§

28.4 (23.4 – 33.9)§

25.6 (19.5 – 32.5)

 Smoker

37.5 (32.5 – 42.5)§

37.5 (32.1 – 42.8)§

0

Physical activity

   

 Inactive

29.4 (19.8 – 40.7)

36.8 (17.8 – 59.7)

25.0 (12.3 – 42.0)

 Moderately active

25.2 (19.0 – 32.3)

26.4 (15.9 – 39.4)

24.2 (14.8 – 35.9)

 Active

28.8 (20.9 – 37.8)

33.3 (18.9 – 50.5)

26.9 (17.9 – 37.6)

Central Obesity*

   

 Absent

33.9 (26.0 – 42.4)§

36.1 (26.8 – 46.6)§

31.8 (26.5 – 35.8)§

 Present

22.0 (15.9 – 29.2)§

22.7 (15.2 – 33.8)§

21.7 (17.6 – 26.3)§

Systolic hypertension (> 135 mmHg)

   

 Absent

29.1 (23.4 – 35.3)

33.9 (21.8 – 47.8)

26.5 (18.2 – 36.1)

 Present

24.6 (18.4 – 31.7)

25.5 (14.6 – 39.4)

23.9 (14.3 – 35.9)

Diastolic hypertension (> 80 mmHg)

   

 Absent

28.4 (22.6 – 34.8)

31.0 (21.1 – 42.4)

27.1 (20.3 – 34.9)

 Present

23.0 (13.7 – 34.7)

28.1 (14.5 – 45.4)

17.2 (6.6 – 34.2)

Hypertension♯

   

 Absent

33.9 (25.6 – 43.1)

37.5 (23.6 – 53.1)

31.9 (21.9 – 43.3)

 Present

23.3 (17.3 – 30.2)

26.6 (16.8 – 38.3)

21.2 (14.0 – 30.1)

Peripheral neuropathy

   

 Absent

20.2 (15.7 – 24.7)§

20.0 (16.5 – 23.5)§

20.4 (11.2 – 32.6)

 Present

30.4 (26.2 – 34.2)§

34.2 (24.1 – 45.7)§

28.0 (20.4 – 36.6)

  1. §Values under each variable in a single column with the same superscript are significantly different from each other (p < 0.01); ♯systolic hypertension or diastolic hypertension or both; *waist circumference > 90 cm for males and > 80 cm for females.