| Prevalence of diabetic retinopathy % (95% CI) | ||
---|---|---|---|
 | All adults | Males | Females |
Area of residence | Â | Â | Â |
 Urban | 27.9 (22.7 – 33.6) | 36.8 (22.7 – 52.9) | 19.6 (10.8 – 31.6) |
 Rural | 26.6 (19.6 – 34.6) | 26.9 (17.3 – 38.4) | 28.4 (20.5 – 37.6) |
Ethnicity | Â | Â | Â |
 Sinhalese | 28.8 (24.1 – 33.9) | 33.3 (23.9 – 43.9) | 26.2 (19.5 – 33.8) |
 Tamil | 20.0 (6.7 – 41.1) | 14.3 (7.1 – 43.0) | 25.0 (4.4 – 61.2) |
 Muslim | 21.2 (11.3 – 34.7) | 21.4 (5.8 – 47.9) | 21.1 (7.1 – 43.3) |
Level of education | Â | Â | Â |
 No formal education | 25.0 (8.8 – 49.4) | 50.0 (2.5 – 97.5) | 20.0 (3.5 – 51.9) |
 Primary education | 49.0 (37.4 – 60.7)§ | 50.0 (35.1 – 64.9)§ | 48.6 (32.5 – 64.9)§ |
 Secondary education | 21.6 (17.1 – 26.6)§ | 24.4 (15.8 – 34.8)§ | 19.8 (13.6 – 27.5)§ |
 Tertiary education | 41.7 (20.4 – 65.6) | 45.5 (18.9 – 74.1) | 0 |
Monthly income (LKR) | Â | Â | Â |
 < 7,000 | 28.6 (22.4 – 35.4) | 40.6 (24.8 – 58.1) | 24.8 (17.1 – 33.9) |
 7,000 – 24,999 | 28.7 (22.2 – 36.0) | 29.6 (18.6 – 42.8) | 27.9 (17.7 – 40.1) |
 25,000 – 49,999 | 17.6 (6.1 – 36.9) | 18.2 (3.2 – 48.3) | 16.7 (0.8 – 59.3) |
 ≥ 50,000 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Current smoking | Â | Â | Â |
 Non-smoker | 26.5 (24.1 – 28.2)§ | 28.4 (23.4 – 33.9)§ | 25.6 (19.5 – 32.5) |
 Smoker | 37.5 (32.5 – 42.5)§ | 37.5 (32.1 – 42.8)§ | 0 |
Physical activity | Â | Â | Â |
 Inactive | 29.4 (19.8 – 40.7) | 36.8 (17.8 – 59.7) | 25.0 (12.3 – 42.0) |
 Moderately active | 25.2 (19.0 – 32.3) | 26.4 (15.9 – 39.4) | 24.2 (14.8 – 35.9) |
 Active | 28.8 (20.9 – 37.8) | 33.3 (18.9 – 50.5) | 26.9 (17.9 – 37.6) |
Central Obesity* | Â | Â | Â |
 Absent | 33.9 (26.0 – 42.4)§ | 36.1 (26.8 – 46.6)§ | 31.8 (26.5 – 35.8)§ |
 Present | 22.0 (15.9 – 29.2)§ | 22.7 (15.2 – 33.8)§ | 21.7 (17.6 – 26.3)§ |
Systolic hypertension (> 135 mmHg) | Â | Â | Â |
 Absent | 29.1 (23.4 – 35.3) | 33.9 (21.8 – 47.8) | 26.5 (18.2 – 36.1) |
 Present | 24.6 (18.4 – 31.7) | 25.5 (14.6 – 39.4) | 23.9 (14.3 – 35.9) |
Diastolic hypertension (> 80 mmHg) | Â | Â | Â |
 Absent | 28.4 (22.6 – 34.8) | 31.0 (21.1 – 42.4) | 27.1 (20.3 – 34.9) |
 Present | 23.0 (13.7 – 34.7) | 28.1 (14.5 – 45.4) | 17.2 (6.6 – 34.2) |
Hypertension♯ |  |  |  |
 Absent | 33.9 (25.6 – 43.1) | 37.5 (23.6 – 53.1) | 31.9 (21.9 – 43.3) |
 Present | 23.3 (17.3 – 30.2) | 26.6 (16.8 – 38.3) | 21.2 (14.0 – 30.1) |
Peripheral neuropathy | Â | Â | Â |
 Absent | 20.2 (15.7 – 24.7)§ | 20.0 (16.5 – 23.5)§ | 20.4 (11.2 – 32.6) |
 Present | 30.4 (26.2 – 34.2)§ | 34.2 (24.1 – 45.7)§ | 28.0 (20.4 – 36.6) |