Table 3 Factors associated with risk of developing cataracts - univariate analysis (N = 11,591)
Univariate OR | 95% CI | p | |
|---|---|---|---|
1. Socio-demographic factors | |||
Age (years) | |||
40–49 | 1.0 (ref) | ||
50–59 | 4.3 | 3.8–5.0 | <0.01 |
60–69 | 21.0 | 18.3–24.1 | <0.01 |
70–80 | 92.6 | 76.4–112.4 | <0.01 |
80+ | 344.5 | 187.4–633.1 | <0.01 |
Sex | |||
Men | 1.0 (ref) | ||
Women | 1.0 | 1.0–1.1 | 0.35 |
Monthly household income | |||
Lowest quintile | 1.0 (ref) | ||
2nd to 4th quintile | 0.2 | 0.2–0.3 | <0.01 |
Highest quintile | 0.1 | 0.1–0.1 | <0.01 |
Education | |||
Elementary school | 1.0 (ref) | ||
Middle school | 0.3 | 0.3–0.4 | <0.01 |
High school | 0.2 | 0.2–0.2 | <0.01 |
University or higher | 0.1 | 0.1–0.1 | <0.01 |
Residential area | |||
Urban | 1.0 (ref) | ||
Rural | 1.8 | 1.6–1.9 | <0.01 |
Occupation | |||
Administrator, management, and professional | 1.0 (ref) | ||
Business and financial operations | 0.9 | 0.7–1.2 | 0.49 |
Sales and related | 1.6 | 1.3–1.9 | <0.01 |
Farming, fishing, and forestry | 6.8 | 5.6–8.3 | <0.01 |
Installation, maintenance, and repair | 1.6 | 1.3–2.0 | <0.01 |
Laborer | 3.6 | 2.9–4.4 | <0.01 |
Unemployed | 6.5 | 5.5–7.8 | <0.01 |
2. Health examination variable | |||
Obesity | |||
Underweight | 1.0 (ref) | ||
Normal | 1.0 | 0.9–1.1 | 0.80 |
Obesity | 2.1 | 1.7–2.7 | <0.01 |
Hypercholesterolemia | |||
No | 1.0 (ref) | ||
Yes | 1.5 | 1.3–1.6 | <0.01 |
Hypo-HDL-cholesterolemia | |||
No | 1.0 (ref) | ||
Yes | 1.4 | 1.2–1.5 | <0.01 |
Hypertriglycemia | |||
No | 1.0 (ref) | ||
Yes | 1.1 | 1.0–1.2 | 0.13 |
Anemia | |||
No | 1.0 (ref) | ||
Yes | 1.3 | 1.2–1.5 | <0.01 |
Metabolic syndrome | |||
No | 1.0 (ref) | ||
Yes | 2.1 | 1.9–2.2 | <0.01 |
3. Comorbidities | |||
Hypertension | |||
No | 1.0 (ref) | ||
Yes | 3.1 | 2.8–3.3 | <0.01 |
Diabetic mellitus | |||
No | 1.0 (ref) | ||
Yes | 3.1 | 2.7–3.5 | <0.01 |
Osteoarthritis | |||
No | 1.0 (ref) | ||
Yes | 2.8 | 2.5–3.1 | <0.01 |
Rheumatoid arthritis | |||
No | 1.0 (ref) | ||
Yes | 2.1 | 1.7–2.6 | <0.01 |
Atopic dermatitis | |||
No | 1.0 (ref) | ||
Yes | 0.7 | 0.5–1.0 | 0.06 |
Asthma | |||
No | 1.0 (ref) | ||
Yes | 1.9 | 1.6–2.3 | <0.01 |
4. Health behavioral risk factors | |||
Lifetime smoker | |||
No | 1.0 (ref) | ||
Yes | 1.0 | 0.9–1.1 | 0.82 |
Binge alcohol user | |||
No | 1.0 (ref) | ||
Yes | 0.5 | 0.4–0.5 | <0.01 |
Physical activity of moderate intensity | |||
Never | 1.0 (ref) | ||
>5 times per week | 1.1 | 0.9–1.3 | 0.51 |
Coffee consumption | |||
Never | 1.0 (ref) | ||
1–6 cups per week | 0.7 | 0.6–0.8 | <0.01 |
≥7 cups per week | 0.5 | 0.4–0.5 | <0.01 |
Stress | |||
Least stress | 1.0 (ref) | ||
Moderately stressful | 0.4 | 0.4–0.5 | <0.01 |
Extreme stress | 0.6 | 0.5–0.7 | <0.01 |
Sun exposure | |||
<5 hr/day | 1.0 (ref) | ||
≥5 hr/day | 1.7 | 1.6–1.9 | <0.01 |