Evaluation of real-world mobility in age-related macular degeneration

BMC Ophthalmology

Table 2 Association of AMD and visual metrics with daily steps walked, univariate and multivariate analyses

Variable	Interval	Univariate analysis		Multivariate analysis
		RR	Pvalue	RR*	Pvalue
Vision
AMD	Present	0.67	0.007	0.82	0.02
Better eye VA	0.1 logMAR worse	0.93	0.004	0.95	0.05
Binocular CS	0.1 log decrement	0.95	0.014	0.96	0.09
Sig. cataract/PCO	Present	0.83	0.29	---	---
Demographics
Age	10 years older	0.81	0.11	1.03	0.84
Gender	Female vs. male	0.96	0.81	0.99	0.96
Race	White vs. non-White	1.02	0.92	1.10	0.64
Education	4 years more	1.35	0.02	1.30	0.04
Employed	Yes vs. No	1.28	0.14	---	---
Health/cognition
Comorbidities	1 or more illness	0.87	<0.01	0.89	<0.01
Depressive symptoms	Present vs. absent	0.45	0.02	§§	§§
BMI	1 unit higher	0.97	0.01	‡‡	‡‡
MMSE – VI score	5 points worse	0.81	0.37	---	---
Weather
Temperature <45°F	Yes vs. No	0.11	0.54	---	---
Rainfall >0.2 mm	Yes vs. No	0.02	0.6	---	---

RR = Rate ratios; AMD = age-related macular degeneration; VA = visual acuity; CS = contrast sensitivity; logMAR = logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution; PCO = Posterior Capsular Opacification (either eye); BMI = body mass index; MMSE-VI = Mini-mental status examination for the visually impaired; °F = degrees Fahrenheit; mm = millimeters.
*RR for vision variables were each derived from separate multivariate models including all non-visual covariates shown. RR for non-visual variables were derived from the multivariate model containing AMD as the only vision variable. Values in bold indicate p < 0.05.
§§ - Employment and depression were not included in the multivariate models as these may occur as a result of AMD and do not directly influence effect of vision related parameters on physical activity.
‡‡ BMI was not included in the models as it may be a cause or result of reduced physical activity and does not directly influence the association between vision-related parameters and physical activity.

ISSN: 1471-2415