Table 1 Comparative analysis between the control and Dry Eye Disease (DED) Groups

Subjects (N, (%))

856 (93.4 %)

60 (6.6 %)

Region of Urban (%)

67.5

86.7

0.03^a

Age (years)

9.49 ± 1.00

9.90 ± 0.93

0.03^b

Sex of Female (%)

46.5

53.3

0.47^a

Visual Acuity (LogMAR)

0.33 ± 0.46

0.61 ± 0.37

<0.001^b

SE (diopter)

−2.05 ± 2.15

−2.55 ± 1.84

0.22^b

Use of Glass (%)

38.1

63.3

0.01^a

 Use of Smartphones (%)

55.4

96.7

<0.001^a

 Smartphone use/day (hours)

0.62 ± 0.68

3.18 ± 0.97

<0.001^b

 Computer use/day (hours)

0.76 ± 0.34

1.10 ± 0.53

<0.001^b

 TV use/day (hours)

1.07 ± 0.54

1.18 ± 0.40

0.27^b

 Learning/day (hours)

2.31 ± 1.02

3.10 ± 0.50

<0.001^b

 Sleep/day (hours)

7.88 ± 0.86

7.70 ± 0.61

0.14^b

 Outdoor activity/day (hours)

2.27 ± 1.12

1.47 ± 0.32

<0.001^b