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Table 3 Values of risk factors for subjects with and without strabismus, and odds ratio and confidence interval (95%) for development of strabismus

From: Prevalence and associated factors of strabismus in former preterm and full-term infants between 4 and 10 Years of age

Strabismus

Descriptiona

Univariate Analysisb

Multivariable analysisc

Characteristics in children with strabismus

n = 46

Characteristics in children without strabismus

n = 457

OR (95% CI)

p-value

OR (95% CI)

p-value

Gestational age [weeks]

28.7 ± 3.9

34.5 ± 5.3

0.80 [0.74; 0.86]

< 0.001

0.84 [0.76; 0.93]

0.001

Birth weight percentile

41.3 ± 27.6

41.0 ± 26.5

1.00 [0.99; 1.01]

0.93

  

Sex [male]

26 (56.5%)

233 (51.0%)

0.80 [0.43; 1.47]

0.48

  

Age at examination [years]

7.2 ± 2.1

7.1 ± 2.0

1.03 [0.88; 1.19]

0.72

  

Anisometropia ≥1.5 D [yes]

7 (15.6%)

14 (3.1%)

5.80 [2.21; 15.24]

< 0.001

2.89 [0.87; 9.55]

0.08

Refractive error  ≤ −3 [diopter]d

4 (8.7%)

7 (1.5%)

6.10 [1.71; 21.67]

0.005

1.43 [0.26; 7.94]

0.68

Refractive error ≥ +3 [diopter]d

12 (26.1%)

34 (7.5%)

4.37 [2.07; 9.21]

< 0.001

4.22 [1.70; 10.50]

0.002

Astigmatism [diopter]

0.93 ± 0.94

0.47 ± 0.54

2.16 [1.52; 3.09]

< 0.001

1.68 [1.07; 2.64]

0.024

ROP [yes]

14 (30.4%)

41 (9%)

4.44 [2.19; 8.99]

< 0.001

0.88 [0.35; 2.21]

0.78

Maternal age at childbirth [years]

31.1 ± 5.9

31.5 ± 5.3

0.99 [0.89; 1.10]

0.94

  

Mother smoking [yes]

10 (21.7%)

70 (15.3%)

1.54 [0.73; 3.24]

0.26

  

Breastfeeding <  3 months [yes]

28 (60.9%)

188 (41.1%)

2.23 [1.20; 4.14]

0.012

1.07 [0.52; 2.20]

0.85

Artificial ventilation [yes]

27 (58.7%)

97 (21.2%)

5.27 [2.81; 9.89]

< 0.001

1.40 [0.57; 3.44]

0.46

Intraventricular bleeding [yes,]

11 (23.9%)

26 (5.7%).

5.21 [2.38; 11.42]

< 0.001

2.08 [0.84; 5.18]

0.12

Other perinatal adverse events [yes]e

3 (6.5%)

11 (2.4%)

2.83 [0.76; 10.53]

0.12

0.95 [0.20; 4.42]

0.94

  1. n number of infants, OR odds ratio, CI confidence interval, ROP retinopathy of prematurity; Data of the right eye was included in univariate and multivariable regression analysis for refractive error and astigmatism
  2. aVariables are expressed as mean ± standard deviation (SD) or as number of children (n (%)), P-values below 0.05 were marked in bold
  3. bbased on univariate logistic regression analysis
  4. cbased on multivariable logistic regression model. Presented factors were included in the multivariable analysis when P value was < 0.20 in univariate analysis
  5. dReference was refractive error between −3 diopter and +3 diopter
  6. eAs perinatal adverse events were periventricular leukomalacia, necrotizing enterocolitis and sepsis summarized
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BMC Ophthalmology

ISSN: 1471-2415

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