Table 5 Values of risk factors for subjects with and without exotropia, and odds ratio and confidence interval (95%) for development of strabismus. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was not conducted due to the small number of children with exotropia
Exoptropia | Descriptiona | Univariate Analysisb | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
Characteristics in children with strabismus n = 12 | Characteristics in children without strabismus n = 491 | OR (95% CI) | p-value | |
Gestational age [weeks] | 29.3 ± 4.0 | 34.1 ± 5.4 | 0.84 [0.74; 0.95] | 0.006 |
Birth weight percentile | 30.3 ± 17.0 | 41.3 ± 26.7 | 0.98 [0.96; 1.01] | 0.17 |
Sex [male] | 7 (58.3%) | 252 (51.3%) | 0.75 [0.24; 2.41] | 0.63 |
Age at examination [years] | 7.3 ± 1.8 | 7.1 ± 2.0 | 1.06 [0.79; 1.41] | 0.70 |
Anisometropia ≥1.5 D [yes] | 1 (8.3%) | 20 (4.1%) | 2.13 [0.26; 17.29] | 0.48 |
Refractive error ≤ −3 [diopter]c | 1 (8.3%) | 10 (2.0%) | 4.36 [0.51; 37.04] | 0.18 |
Refractive error ≥ +3 [diopter]c | 0 (0%) | 46 (9.4%) | 0.00 [0.00; 0.00] | 0.99 |
Astigmatism [diopter] | 0.92 ± 1.3 | 0.5 ± 0.57 | 1.82 [1.07; 3.12] | 0.028 |
ROP [yes] | 3 (25.0%) | 52 (10.6%) | 2.81 [0.74; 10.72] | 0.13 |
Maternal age at childbirth [years] | 33.0 ± 7.5 | 31.4 ± 5.3 | 1.06 [0.95; 1.18] | 0.31 |
Mother smoking [yes] | 1 (8.3%) | 79 (16.1%) | 0.47 [0.06; 3.72] | 0.48 |
Breastfeeding < 3 months [yes] | 8 (66.7%) | 208 (42.4%) | 2.72 [0.81; 9.16] | 0.11 |
Artificial ventilation [yes] | 6 (50.0%) | 118 (24.0%) | 3.16 [1.00; 9.99] | 0.050 |
Intraventricular bleeding [yes] | 2 (16.7%) | 35 (7.1%). | 2.61 [0.55; 12.36] | 0.23 |
Other perinatal adverse events [yes]d | 1 (8.3%) | 13 (2.6%) | 3.34 [0.40; 27.85] | 0.27 |