Table 5 Comparison of prevalence and risk factors of undercorrected refractive error between the present study and various published studies
Study | Sample Size | Population | Age | Undercorrection in Study Population (%) | Undercorrection among Participants with Refractive Error (%) | Definitions | Multivariate Risk Factors |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Present study | 649 | Diabetes Chinese | Mean: 68.37 ± 8.22 Range: 60–100 | 16.63% | 10.96% of hyperopia subjects 23.40% of myopic subjects | Presenting visual acuity <20/40(Best-corrected VA -Presenting VA) ≥2 lines improvement | Older age, female gender, non-farmer, myopia, lens opacities status, DR, lower BMI, poor glycaemic control, not wearing spectacles |
Hong Kong Correctable Visual Impairment Study [4] | 2301 | Type 2 diabetes mellitus | Mean: 61.4 ± 10.5 Range: 23–92 | 7.30% | NA | Presenting VA <6/18 that improved to no impairment (≥6/18) after refractive correction | Older age, more advanced stage of DR |
Tanjong Pagar Survey [9] | 1152 | General Singaporean Chinese | 40–79 | 21.7% | NA | Presenting VA <20/40 in the better eye (Best-corrected VA- Presenting VA) ≥2 lines improvement | Older age, lower education level, not wearing spectacles, cataracts |
SiMES [15] | 3115 | General Singaporean Malays | Mean: 58 ± 11 Range: 40–80 | 20.4% | 28.7% of hyperopia subjects 28.9% of myopic subjects | Presenting VA <20/40 in the better eye (Best-corrected VA- Presenting VA) ≥2 lines improvement | Older age, female sex, lower education level |
Shihpai Eye Study [16] | 1361 | General Chinese | Mean: 72.2 Range: ≥65 | 9.55% | 11.3% of hyperopic subjects 34.4% of myopic subjects | Presenting VA < 20/40 in the better eye (Best-corrected VA -Presenting VA) ≥2 lines improvement in better eye | Older age, non-emmetropic eye, not wearing spectacles and lower level of education |
LALES [17] | 6129 | General Latinos | Mean: 54.9 ± 10.8 Range: ≥40 | 15.1% | NA | (Best-corrected VA-presenting VA) ≥2 lines improvement in better eye | Older age, lack of health insurance, lower education level, lower BMI, being unemployed |
BMES [18] | 3654 | General Caucasians | Mean: 66.2 Range: 49–97 | 10.2% | 53.9% of hyperopic subjects 12.7% of myopic subjects | Presenting VA <20/40 (Best-corrected VA - presenting VA) improvement of ≥2 lines in the better eye | Older age, living alone, occupations of trade and labourer, receipt of a government pension, hyperopia and duration from the last eye examination |