Table 2 Risk factors for presenile nuclear cataract, as estimated from univariable and multivariable generalized estimation equation

Smoking status

0.1894

0.1296

 Never

Reference

Reference

 Former (quit ≥1 year ago)

1.04 (0.51–2.12)

0.9206

1.83 (0.74–4.51)

0.1882

 Current

1.72 (0.97–3.08)

0.0656

2.80 (1.10–7.12)

0.0310

Alcohol consumption frequency

0.7793

0.9150

  ≤ 1 day/month

Reference

Reference

 2–3 days/month

1.04 (0.44–2.46)

0.9381

1.43 (0.42–4.85)

0.5662

 1–2 days/week

0.91 (0.37–2.23)

0.8367

0.83 (0.26–2.61)

0.7505

 3–4 days/week

1.34 (0.52–3.43)

0.5409

1.00 (0.27–3.73)

0.9951

 5–6 days/week

0.64 (0.14–2.97)

0.5691

0.81 (0.13–4.95)

0.8205

 Everyday

2.20 (0.64–7.49)

0.2087

1.00 (0.24–4.20)

0.9970

0.0295

0.0107

 Low amounts (1-40 min/day)

Reference

 None

2.45 (1.08–5.58)

0.0322

3.99 (1.27–12.52)

0.0178

 High amounts (≥41 min/day)

1.97 (1.10–3.52)

0.0223

2.92 (1.38–6.22)

0.0053

Height (cm)

1.02 (0.99–1.05)

0.1520

1.04 (1.00–1.10)

0.0808

Asthma

4.87 (0.99–23.84)

0.0510

8.93 (1.12–71.15)

0.0386

Tuberculosis

3.30 (1.09–9.97)

0.0341

4.28 (1.36–13.50)

0.0131

HbA1c (%)

0.71 (0.45–1.13)

0.1509

0.70 (0.38–1.28)

0.2508

TIBC (μg/dL)

1.01 (1.00–1.01)

0.0533

1.01 (1.00–1.02)

0.0059

HBV seropositive

2.82 (0.91–8.74)

0.0729

2.98 (0.82–10.89)

0.0979