Table 2 Subgroup analysis of sunlight exposure and the risk of AMD
From: Association between sunlight exposure and risk of age-related macular degeneration: a meta-analysis
Subgroup analysis | All AMD | Early stage | Late stage | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No.a | OR(95% CI) | I2 (P) b | No. a | OR(95% CI) | I2 (P) b | No. a | OR(95% CI) | I2 (P) b | |
pooled | 14 | 1.10 (0.98–1.23) | 71.9% (0.000) | 7 | 1.02 (0.85–1.22) | 58.7% (0.024) | 7 | 1.16 (0.66–2.04) | 73.8% (0.001) |
Study design | |||||||||
Case–control | 7 | 1.50 (1.01–2.23) | 75.6% (0.000) | 2 | 1.94 (0.32–11.83) | 80.7% (0.023) | 2 | 1.01 (0.14–7.49) | 90.5% (0.001) |
Cross-sectional | 6 | 1.01 (0.94–1.09) | 52.0% (0.064) | 4 | 0.99 (0.87–1.12) | 43.5% (0.151) | 4 | 1.24 (0.63–2.46) | 75.0% (0.007) |
Exposure assessment method | |||||||||
Time work outdoors | 5 | 1.16 (0.97–1.40) | 20.5% (0.284) | 3 | 1.12 (0.93–1.35) | 0% (0.732) | 4 | 1.65 (0.96–2.84) | 61.0% (0.053) |
Quantitative data | 3 | 0.95 (0.77–1.19) | 71.9% (0.029) | 2 | 0.90 (0.64–1.25) | 79.6% (0.027) | 2 | 0.88 (0.30–2.58) | 74.1% (0.050) |
Using avoidance | 6 | 1.12 (0.76–1.67) | 78.7% (0.000) | 3 | 1.31 (0.78–2.21) | 85.1% (0.001) | 3 | 1.44 (0.44–4.69) | 82.3% (0.004) |
Study latitude | |||||||||
lower latitude | 7 | 1.07 (0.95–1.20) | 73.9% (0.001) | 4 | 1.03 (0.97–1.09) | 0% (0.903) | 4 | 1.15 (0.55–2.43) | 86.6% (0.001) |
higher latitude | 7 | 1.30 (0.93–1.81) | 73.9% (0.001) | 3 | 1.76 (0.58–5.33) | 84.6% (0.001) | 3 | 1.12 (0.34–3.70) | 73.0% (0.024) |