Simulation training in vitreoretinal surgery: a systematic review

BMC Ophthalmology

Table 1 Characteristics of the included studies

Study characteristics	Studies (Number)	Participants (Number)
All studies	7	191
Study design^a
Single group
Posttest only	1	13
Pre-posttest	1	45
Nonrandomized, multiple groups	4	119
Randomized controlled trials	1	14
Participants
Medical students	2	26
Medical students / Ophthalmic residents^b	1	14
Ophthalmic residents	6	101
Ophthalmic fellows	2	15
Vitreoretinal surgeons	5	35
Skills trained^c
Vitrectomy	1	13
Membrane peel	4	109
Intraocular navigation	5	133
Instrument handling	3	63
Year of publication
2003–2008	3	103
2009–2013	2	38
2014–2018	2	50

^a, as categorized in context with desired outcomes; ^b, one study reported its participants as medical students or residents without further specification; ^c, some studies trained multiple skills

ISSN: 1471-2415