Table 2 Sample description of demographics, eye examination results, self-reported symptoms and management (n = 782)
All n = 782 n (valid %) | 2nd grade n = 241 (31) n (valid %) | 5th grade n = 241 (31) n (valid %) | 10th grade n = 300 (38) n (valid %) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Referred | Males | 336 (43) | 107 (44) | 103 (43) | 128 (43) |
Females | 446 (57) | 136 (56) | 138 (57) | 172 (57) | |
Ametropia RE (SER, D) | Emmetropia (> −0.50 D, < + 0.50 D) | 249 (32) | 76 (32) | 73 (30) | 100 (33) |
Hyperopia (≥ + 0.50 D, < + 2.00 D) | 371 (47) | 137 (57) | 119 (49) | 115 (38) | |
Hyperopia (≥ + 2.00 D) | 34 (4) | 17 (7) | 13 (6) | 4 (1) | |
Myopia (≤ − 0.50 D) | 125 (16) | 8 (3) | 36 (15) | 81 (27) | |
Myopia (≤ − 3.00 D) | 5 (1) | 0 | 1 (0) | 4 (1) | |
Anisometropia (≥ 1.00 D) | 13 (2) | 1 (0) | 6 (2) | 6 (2) | |
Astigmatism (≥ − 0.75 DC) | 40 (5) | 12 (5) | 10 (4) | 18 (6) | |
Best corrected visual acuity, BCVA RE | LogMAR (≤ 0.0) | 699 (91) | 191 (82) | 220 (94) | 288 (96) |
LogMAR (≤ 0.1, > 0.0) | 50 (7) | 32 (14) | 13 (6) | 5 (2) | |
LogMAR (< 0.5, > 0.1) | 17 (2) | 10 (4) | 1 | 6 (2) | |
LogMAR (≥ 0.5) | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
Horizontal heterophoria distance (6 m) | Orthophoria | 579 (78) | 168 (74) | 180 (80) | 231 (82) |
Exophoria > 2 pd. | 94 (13) | 46 (20) | 33 (15) | 27 (9) | |
Esophoria > 1 pd. | 51 (7) | 14 (6) | 11 (5) | 26 (9) | |
Horizontal heterophoria near (40 cm) | Orthophoria | 563 (77) | 171 (75) | 174 (78) | 218 (76) |
Exophoria > 6 pd. | 100 (14) | 33 (14) | 22 (10) | 45 (16) | |
Esophoria > 0 pd. | 74 (9) | 24 (10) | 27 (12) | 23 (8) | |
Vertical heterophoria | Present > 3 pd. | 5 (0) | 0 | 2 (0) | 3 (1) |
Strabismus | Present | 34 (4) | 13 (5) | 1 (0) | 20 (7) |
Near point of convergence, NPC (cm) | ≤ 10 cm | 640 (82) | 200 (88) | 196 (85) | 240 (82) |
> 10 < 25 cm | 78 (10) | 14 (6) | 24 (10) | 40 (14) | |
≥ 25 cm | 34 (4) | 13 (6) | 10 (4) | 11 (4) | |
Accommodation amplitude (D) | Reduced ACC* | ||||
RE | 200 (26) | 66 (30) | 62 (27) | 72 (25) | |
LE | 203 (26) | 67 (30) | 69 (30) | 67 (23) | |
BIN | 126 (16) | 41 (19) | 43 (19) | 42 (14) | |
Ocular pathology | Present | 14 (2) | 3 (1) | 5 (2) | 6 (2) |
Symptoms | Headaches | 171 (22) | 37 (15) | 59 (24) | 74 (25) |
Reading and near task problems | 149 (19) | 41 (19) | 51 (21) | 57 (19) | |
Reduced distance vision | 107 (14) | 26 (11) | 28 (12) | 53 (22) | |
Focus change problems D/N/D** | 62 (8) | 5 (2) | 18 (7) | 39 (13) | |
Tired eyes | 55 (7) | 10 (4) | 16 (7) | 29 (10) | |
Double vision | 4 (0) | 2 (1) | 2 (1) | 0 | |
Management | Spectacle prescription | 346 (55) | 60 (25) | 116 (48) | 170 (57) |
Vision training (VT) | 45 (7) | 10 (4) | 18 (7) | 17 (6) | |
Prescription and VT | 25 (4) | 3 (1) | 10 (4) | 12 (4) | |
Follow-up | 209 (33) | 88 (37) | 58 (24) | 63 (21) | |
Referral ophthalmologist | 25 (4) | 14 (6) | 5 (2) | 6 (2) | |
False referral | 132 (17) | 66 (27) | 34 (14) | 32 (11) | |