A review on the epidemiology of myopia in school children worldwide

BMC Ophthalmology

Table 2 Risk factors for the prevalence of myopia in the analyzed studies

Risk factor	Country where the study was conducted
Female gender	China [10, 12, 14, 15] Colombia [37] India [17] Saudi Arabia [21, 35]
Low outdoor activity	Australia [27] China [1, 15] Netherlands [23]
Parental myopia	Australia (6-year-old cohort) [29] China [12, 32, 45] Finland [42] India [17] Japan [46]
Increasing age	Brazil [26] China [12, 14, 15] India [17] Poland [18, 19] Saudi Arabia [21, 35]
Time spent on near work/studying	Australia [29] China [12, 32] India (over 5 h daily) [17] Taiwan [47]
Higher socio-economic status	India [17]
Low family income	Netherlands [23]
Higher body mass index	Japan [46] Netherlands [23]
Use of LED lamps for homework (compared to incandescent or fluorescent lamps)	China [11]
Urban environment, high population density and small home size	China [14] Hong Kong [48] Indonesia [34]
Rural environment	Saudi Arabia (only in girls) [21]
Private schooling and watching TV over 2 h daily and playing mobile/video games	India [17]
Low sleeping hours	China [32]
Lower vitamin D levels, less participation in sports and foreign descent	Netherlands [23]
Westernized dietary habits	Japan [46]

ISSN: 1471-2415