Table 4 Factors associated with vision loss

 15–44

ref

–

–

ref

–

–

 45–54

3.79^a

[2.44–5.87]

< 0.001

2.99 ^a

[1.93–4.62]

< 0.001

 55–64

5.71 ^a

[3.5–9.31]

< 0.001

5.78 ^a

[3.73–8.98]

< 0.001

≥ 65

5.00 ^a

[2.97–8.43]

< 0.001

5.12 ^a

[3.16–8.27]

< 0.001

 Males

ref

–

–

ref

–

–

 Females

1.57 ^a

[1.17–2.1]

0.003

1.50 ^a

[1.08–2.08]

0.016

 African

ref

–

–

ref

–

–

 White

0.23 ^a

[0.07–0.74]

0.014

0.11 ^a

[0.02–0.56]

0.007

 Mixed race

0.94

[0.58–1.51]

0.801

0.82

[0.43–1.56]

0.541

 Indian/Asian

4.09 ^a

[2.5–6.71]

< 0.001

1.74

[0.88–3.45]

0.112

 No formal schooling/Gr0–7

ref

–

–

ref

–

–

 Grade 8–12 (or equivalent)

0.46^a

[0.33–0.63]

< 0.001

0.71 ^a

[0.52–0.97]

0.031

 Higher education

0.38 ^a

[0.19–0.75]

0.006

0.48

[0.22–1.03]

0.059

 No

ref

–

–

 Yes

0.77

[0.51–1.16]

0.207

 Rural

ref

–

–

 Urban

1.19

[0.81–1.75]

0.382

 Western Cape

ref

–

–

ref

–

–

 Eastern Cape

0.79

[0.42–1.49]

0.461

0.63

[0.28–1.41]

0.263

 Northern Cape

0.73

[0.34–1.57]

0.419

0.62

[0.28–1.37]

0.240

 Free State

1.30

[0.58–2.9]

0.526

1.07

[0.42–2.71]

0.894

 KwaZulu Natal

2.52 ^a

[1.44–4.4]

0.001

1.86

[0.88–3.9]

0.102

 North West

0.63

[0.29–1.36]

0.239

0.43

[0.17–1.11]

0.082

 Gauteng

1.19

[0.59–2.38]

0.631

1.07

[0.5–2.32]

0.855

 Mpumalanga

0.16 ^a

[0.06–0.45]

0.001

0.12 ^a

[0.04–0.36]

< 0.001

 Limpopo

0.92

[0.45–1.87]

0.818

0.78

[0.26–2.35]

0.662

 No previous diagnosis of diabetes

Ref

–

–

ref

–

–

 Previous diagnosis of diabetes

5.07 ^a

[3.32–7.73]

< 0.001

2.28 ^a

[1.38–3.75]

0.001

≤ 2 years

Ref

–

–

ref

–

–

 3–5 years

0.99

[0.5–1.97]

0.980

0.85

[0.39–1.88]

0.690

 > 5 years

0.63

[0.31–1.28]

0.199

0.66

[0.3–1.42]

0.285

 Never

0.54 ^a

[0.37–0.79]

0.001

0.56 ^a

[0.38–0.82]

0.003