Table 2 Independent t-test and non-parametric Mann-Whitney^† test analyses of differences in nutritional biomarkers for those presenting low (< 2.9 μg/dL) versus high (≥ 2.9 μg/dL) serum zeaxanthin. Mean ± SD data is presented. Statistical significance is presented in bold

Offspring subjects (%)

50 (40%)

76 (60%)

Age (years)

61.4 ± 9.1

63.7 ± 8.3

0.15

% Body Fat measurement

33.0 ± 8.5

32.2 ± 7.5

0.62

Body Mass Index (kg/m²)

26.5 ± 5.8

24.7 ± 4.1

0.11^†

ARIS MP Peak (du)

0.80 ± 0.22

0.81 ± 0.20

0.95

ARIS MP Volume

3949 ± 1310

4005 ± 1162

0.81

Central retinal thickness (μm) (n = 68)

239 ± 22

237 ± 19

0.82

Visual acuity (decimals)

0.91 ± 0.22

0.92 ± 0.22

0.77^†

Contrast sensitivity (AUC)

383 ± 100

344 ± 113

0.049

DHA (%)

4.36 ± 1.35

5.31 ± 1.37

0.00034

EPA (%)

0.92 ± 0.58

1.17 ± 0.74

0.041^†

HS-n3 index

5.30 ± 1.84

6.52 ± 1.99

0.0011

Skin carotenoids

33,132 ± 12,334

35,763 ± 14,896

0.31

Homocysteine (μmol/L)

9.7 ± 2.6

9.9 ± 2.5

0.71

Zinc

40.7 ± 6.7

41.8 ± 5.1

0.303

Copper

52.0 ± 5.3

52.0 ± 5.3

0.91^†

Vitamin

 B1

91.2 ± 8.2

92.6 ± 7.9

0.39^†

 B3

92.0 ± 6.1

92.4 ± 6.9

0.72^†

 B6

63.0 ± 7.2

65.5 ± 5.6

0.079^†

 B9 (folate)

40.54 ± 5.1

41.45 ± 6.2

0.19^†

 B12

18.8 ± 3.9

18.6 ± 4.5

0.87^†

 D3 (1,25 WBC Calcitriol Activity)

64.9 ± 10.8

61.878 ± 8.9

0.037^†

Omega 3

8.1 ± 2.2

9.5 ± 2.4

0.0025^†

Insulin (μlU/mL)

46.9 ± 8.2

46.6 ± 8.0

0.81^†

Chromium

46.8 ± 4.7

44.8 ± 5.1

0.014^†

HDL cholesterol (nmol/L)

64.3 ± 15.3

70.8 ± 19.5

0.0556

Total HDL Particles (nmol/L)

8674 ± 1016

8379 ± 1408

0.099^†

HDL 2b (nmol/L)

2393 ± 642

2701 ± 714

0.0182

hs-CRP (mg/L)

1.78 ± 2.11

2.05 ± 2.74

0.64^†

COQ10

91.2 ± 4.23

90.9 ± 4.15

0.71

LP(a) (mg/dL)

19.9 ± 24.1

30.2 ± 41.6

0.34^†