Table 1 Previous case reports and case series of closantel toxicity (1993–2020)
From: Case report: restored vision after ocular Closantel intoxication and blindness
Patients Gender (Age) | Author (Year of reporting) | Cumulative dose | time | treatment | Final VA | Clinical assessment and Paraclinical tests |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
F(3) | Badrane et al. (2013) | N/A | 24 h | Oral vitamins b1, b6,b12 | blindness | bilateral mydriasis no pupillary reflex severe papilloedema radiological investigations:normal biological exams:normal |
M (40) M (44) | Badrane et al. (2013) | N/A | One week One week | Unknown | blindness | Fundos photograph: normal visual feld: scotoma Laboratory tests: normal |
F(5) | Essbar et al. (2014) | 500 mg/day for 8 day | 8 days | Glucocorticoids, vitamin B12,vitamin K correction of blood, coagulation parameters,normalization of liver enzymes | blindness | bilateral mydriasis,no pupillary reflex,papilledema ERG: decreased retinal activity VEP: decreased amplitude and delayed peak latency hepatic enzymes: acute increase leukocytosis anemia coagulopathy |
M(50) | Koziolek et al. (2015) | 2700 mg of mebendazol,1800 mg of closantel | 7 days | Plasma Exchange in 5 sessions | OU: Hand movements (before treatment) OU: 20/25 | VF: markedly constricted at outer margins VEP: decreased amplitude and delayed peak latency ERG:decreased photoreceptor signal amplitude and normal latency After treatment: mfERG: showed residual central amplitude impairment. |
M(34) | Tabatabaei et al. (2016) | three 500 mg tablets | 10 days | injections 20,000 units daily for 3 days 1 mg/kg oral prednisolone 1 g intravenous methylprednisolone acetate for 3 days | no light perception (NLP) | macular OCT: disruption in ORL outer retina ERG: severe decreased photopic and scotopic respons VEP: decreased amplitude and delayed peak latency serum hemoglobin, 11 mg/dl ALT: increase more than two times AST:increase more than two times |
F(28) F(22) F(25) F(38) F(24) | Hoen et al. (1993) Asoklis et al. (2015) Asoklis et al. (2018) | 3 tablets 3 tablets 3 tablets 3 tablets 3.5 tablets | N/A | N/A | OD:20/63 OS: 20/200 OD:20/25 OS: 20/40 OD: 20/20 OS: 20/20 OD: 20/40 OS: 20/40 OD: 20/25 OS: 20/25 | The last examination reported: All patients reported Limited visual function VF: markedly constricte fundos photography: changes in the fundus VEP: decreased amplitude and delayed peak latency SD-OCT: thinner retinal pigment epithelium, photoreceptor وouter nuclear, outer plexiform, and inner nuclear retinal layers |