Table 5 Characteristics of the study participants and myopia prevalence (Univariate)

Total

583 (100%)

30 (5.1%)

553 (94.9%)

Gender

0.022

 Boys

312 (52.2%)

10 (3.2%)

302 (96.8%)

 Girls

271 (47.8%)

20 (7.4%)

251 (92.6%)

GA

0.023

 ≥37weeks

419 (71.8%)

27 (6.4%)

392 (93.6%)

 <37weeks

164 (28.2%)

3 (1.8%)

161 (98.2%)

BW

0.808

 ≥2500g

456 (78.2%)

24 (5.3%)

432 (94.7%)

 <2500g

127 (21.8%)

6 (4.7%)

121 (95.3%)

Type of delivery

0.912

 Normal vaginal birth

247 (42.3%)

13 (5.3%)

234 (94.7%)

 Cesarean birth

336 (57.7%)

17 (5.1%)

319 (94.9%)

Twins

0.114

 Yes

74 (12.7%)

1 (1.4%)

73 (98.6%)

 No

509 (87.3%)

29 (5.7%)

480 (94.3%)

Birth Season

0.038

 Spring

101 (17.3%)

6 (5.9%)

95 (94.1%)

 Summer

135 (23.1%)

1 (7.1%)

134 (99.3%)

 Autumn

155 (16.7%)

8 (5.2%)

147 (94.8%)

 Winter

192 (32.9%)

15 (7.8%)

177 (92.2%)

Ambient Nighttime Light Exposure

0.719

 Yes

232 (39.7%)

11 (4.7%)

221 (95.3%)

 No

351 (60.3%)

19 (5.4%)

332 (94.6%)

Infant feeding

0.859

 Breastfeeding

237 (40.6%)

13 (5.5%)

224 (94.5%)

 Breastfeeding mixed Formula milk

226 (38.9%)

12 (5.3%)

214 (94.7%)

 Formula milk

120 (20.5%)

5 (4.2%)

115 (95.8%)

Smoking during pregnancy: any parents

0.015

 Yes

192 (32.9%)

16 (8.3%)

176 (91.7%)

 No

391 (67.1%)

14 (3.6%)

377 (96.4%)

Maternal age at birth

0.537

 <25y

12 (2.1%)

0 (0%)

12 (100.0%)

 25-35y

444 (76.1)

25 (5.6%)

419 (94.4%)

 >35y

127 (21.8%)

5 (3.9%)

122 (96.1%)

Parental high myopia

<0.001

 Yes

114 (19.6%)

16 (14.0%)

98 (86.0%)

 No

469 (80.4%)

14 (3.0%)

455 (97.0%)

Number of myopic Parents

0.257

 None

103 (17.6%)

4 (3.9%)

99 (96.1%)

 One

246 (42.1%)

17 (6.9%)

229 (93.1%)

 Two

234 (40.3%)

9 (3.8%)

225 (96.2%)