Table 2 Time-dependent regression model results for overall incidence of NPDR, PDR, and DME (per 1000 person-years) and estimated HRs in T2DM patients using and not using APACs

Variables

No (N = 55,746)

Yes (N = 18,218)

NPDR

Person-years

307,299

133,609

Follow-up time (y), Mean ± SD

5.51 ± 3.27

7.33 ± 3.16

  Event, n

4413

1432

  Rate

14.4

10.7

  cHR (95% CI)

1 (Reference)

0.75 (0.71, 0.79)***

  aHR (95% CI)^a

1 (Reference)

0.78 (0.73, 0.83)***

PDR

  Event, n

32

13

  Rate

0.10

0.09

  cHR (95% CI)

1 (Reference)

0.93 (0.49, 1.78)

  aHR (95% CI)^a

1 (Reference)

0.81 (0.42, 1.58)

DME

  Event, n

48

14

  Rate

0.15

0.10

  cHR (95% CI)

1 (Reference)

0.61 (0.33, 1.10)

  aHR (95% CI)^a

1 (Reference)

0.59 (0.32, 1.08)