Table 3 Univariate and multivariable analyses for dry eye disease

Inflammatory bowel disease

1.51

1.43 – 1.59

< .0001

1.43

1.35 – 1.51

< .0001

Age (years)

1.036

1.035 – 1.037

< .0001

1.035

1.034 – 1.037

< .0001

Sex, male vs. female

0.44

0.42 – 0.47

< .0001

0.49

0.46 – 0.52

< .0001

Monthly insurance premium (U.S. dollars)

< .0001

< .0001

 501–800 vs. 0–500

1.28

1.21 – 1.37

< .0001

0.97

0.91 – 1.03

0.2823

 ≥ 801 vs. 0–500

1.32

1.23 – 1.40

< .0001

1.41

1.32 – 1.50

< .0001

Coexisting diseases

 Hypertension

2.76

2.59 – 2.95

< .0001

0.91

0.84 – 0.98

0.0176

 Diabetes mellitus

2.90

2.66 – 3.16

< .0001

1.25

1.14 – 1.38

< .0001

 Ischemic heart disease

3.21

2.94 – 3.52

< .0001

1.16

1.05 – 1.29

0.0033

 COPD

2.26

2.05 – 2.50

< .0001

1.11

1.00 – 1.23

0.0625

 Chronic liver disease

2.32

2.13 – 2.52

< .0001

1.34

1.23 – 1.46

< .0001

 Chronic kidney disease

3.10

2.40 – 4.01

< .0001

1.50

1.15 – 1.95

0.0026

 Cerebrovascular disease

2.26

1.97 – 2.60

< .0001

0.78

0.67 – 0.90

0.0009

 Thyroid disease

2.64

2.21 – 3.15

< .0001

1.36

1.14 – 1.63

0.0007

 Major depressive disorder

2.71

2.18 – 3.36

< .0001

1.30

1.04 – 1.62

0.0201

 Anxiety disorder

3.11

2.90 – 3.34

< .0001

1.47

1.36 – 1.60

< .0001

 Sleeping disorder

2.89

2.68 – 3.11

< .0001

1.29

1.19 – 1.40

< .0001

 Cancer

2.48

2.15 – 2.87

< .0001

1.19

1.02 – 1.38

0.0238

Charlson comorbidity index score

< .0001

0.0002

 1 vs. 0

1.99

1.83 – 2.16

< .0001

0.85

0.78 – 0.93

0.0003

 2 vs. 0

1.93

1.65 – 2.25

< .0001

0.84

0.71 – 0.99

0.0340

 ≥ 3 vs. 0

1.39

0.96 – 2.01

0.0828

0.66

0.46 – 0.96

0.0295

Use of systemic corticosteroids

1.38

1.29 – 1.47

< .0001

1.20

1.13 – 1.28

< .0001

Number of hospitalizations

< .0001

< .0001

 1 vs. 0

1.23

1.12 – 1.34

< .0001

0.99

0.90 – 1.09

0.8862

 2 vs. 0

1.18

0.98 – 1.42

0.0910

0.75

0.62 – 0.91

0.0042

 ≥ 3 vs. 0

1.09

0.85 – 1.41

0.5013

0.59

0.45 – 0.77

0.0001

Number of emergency room visits

0.5482

0.5150

 1 vs. 0

0.98

0.91 – 1.06

0.6394

0.96

0.89 – 1.04

0.3348

 2 vs. 0

0.95

0.83 – 1.08

0.4028

0.92

0.80 – 1.05

0.2296

 ≥ 3 vs. 0

1.08

0.94 – 1.24

0.2958

0.95

0.82 – 1.10

0.4879