Table 5 Univariate and multivariable analyses for corneal surface damage

Inflammatory bowel disease

1.16

1.06 – 1.27

0.0014

1.13

1.03 – 1.24

0.0094

Age (years)

1.007

1.005 – 1.009

< .0001

1.003

1.001 – 1.006

0.0112

Sex, male vs. female

0.83

0.75 – 0.91

< .0001

0.85

0.77 – 0.93

0.0005

Monthly insurance premium (U.S. dollars)

< .0001

< .0001

 501–800 vs. 0–500

1.54

1.39 – 1.71

< .0001

1.45

1.30 – 1.62

< .0001

 ≥ 801 vs. 0–500

1.33

1.19 – 1.49

< .0001

1.32

1.18 – 1.49

< .0001

Coexisting diseases

 Hypertension

1.40

1.22 – 1.61

< .0001

1.12

0.94 – 1.33

0.2029

 Diabetes mellitus

1.49

1.23 – 1.81

< .0001

1.20

0.96 – 1.49

0.1062

 Ischemic heart disease

1.57

1.27 – 1.93

< .0001

1.22

0.96 – 1.54

0.1021

 COPD

1.22

0.97 – 1.53

0.0861

1.02

0.80 – 1.29

0.8952

 Chronic liver disease

1.22

1.01 – 1.47

0.0363

1.00

0.83 – 1.22

0.9699

 Chronic kidney disease

1.96

1.14 – 3.38

0.0156

1.60

0.91 – 2.80

0.1032

 Cerebrovascular disease

1.06

0.76 – 1.49

0.7222

0.78

0.55 – 1.12

0.1731

 Thyroid disease

1.64

1.12 – 2.40

0.0104

1.35

0.92 – 1.97

0.1298

 Major depressive disorder

1.40

0.84 – 2.32

0.1950

1.14

0.68 – 1.92

0.6209

 Anxiety disorder

1.41

1.19 – 1.66

< .0001

1.16

0.97 – 1.39

0.1075

 Sleeping disorder

1.16

0.97 – 1.39

0.1116

0.90

0.74 – 1.09

0.2692

 Cancer

1.45

1.05 – 2.00

0.0239

1.24

0.89 – 1.74

0.1989

Charlson Comorbidity Index score

0.1209

0.8436

 1 vs. 0

1.23

1.04 – 1.46

0.0174

1.02

0.84 – 1.23

0.8809

 2 vs. 0

1.09

0.77 – 1.55

0.6222

0.87

0.61 – 1.25

0.4446

 ≥ 3 vs. 0

1.00

0.48 – 2.11

0.9923

0.85

0.40 – 1.78

0.6575

Use of systemic corticosteroids

1.15

1.02 – 1.30

0.0213

1.12

0.99 – 1.26

0.0645

Number of hospitalizations

0.3234

0.3827

 1 vs. 0

0.99

0.84 – 1.18

0.9212

0.93

0.78 – 1.11

0.3948

 2 vs. 0

1.33

0.98 – 1.81

0.0684

1.20

0.87 – 1.65

0.2633

 ≥ 3 vs. 0

0.92

0.57 – 1.49

0.7411

0.80

0.48 – 1.32

0.3814

Number of emergency room visits

0.1998

0.1892

 1 vs. 0

1.14

1.01 – 1.29

0.0369

1.14

1.00 – 1.29

0.0435

 2 vs. 0

1.02

0.82 – 1.28

0.8404

1.02

0.81 – 1.29

0.8491

 ≥ 3 vs. 0

0.95

0.74 – 1.24

0.7220

0.93

0.70 – 1.22

0.5904