Table 4 Associated factors for DR and VTDR among the people with diabetes screened using fundus photographs in univariate analysis
Variables | DR †| VTDR‡ | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
OR§ (95% CI) | P value | OR (95% CI) | P value | |
Male | 1.2 (1.1–1.3) | < 0.001 | 1.2 (1.1–1.3) | < 0.001 |
Literate compared with Illiterate | 0.9 (0.9–1) | 0.201 | 1 (1–1) | 0.806 |
HTN (yes) | 1.2 (1.2–1.3) | < 0.001 | 1.3 (1.2–1.4) | < 0.001 |
Hyperlipidemia (yes) | 1.2 (1–1.3) | 0.036 | 1.1 (0.9–1.4) | 0.289 |
Heart disease (yes) | 1.1 (1–1.3) | 0.152 | 1 (0.8–1.3) | 0.775 |
Diabetic neuropathy (yes) | 1.6 (1.4–1.9) | < 0.001 | 1.7 (1.3–2.1) | < 0.001 |
Diabetic foot (yes) | 1.9 (1.5–2.4) | < 0.001 | 2.5 (1.8–3.3) | < 0.001 |
Pregnancy (yes) | 0.3 (0–2) | 0.218 |  |  |
Anemia (yes) | 1.8 (0.4–7) | 0.425 | 3.2 (0.7–15.4) | 0.166 |
Regular yearly eye examination (yes) | 1 (0.9–1.1) | 0.420 | 1.1 (0.9–1.3) | 0.229 |
Age (10 years) | 1.2 (1.1–1.2) | < 0.001 | 1.2 (1.1–1.2) | < 0.001 |
Age ≥ 50 compared with < 50 years | 1.6 (1.5–1.7) | < 0.001 | 1.7 (1.5–1.9) | < 0.001 |
Agriculture compared with other | 1.2 (1.1–1.3) | 0.002 | 1.2 (1–1.4) | 0.012 |
Diabetes duration (5 years) | 1.7 (1.7–1.8) | < 0.001 | 1.7 (1.7–1.8) | < 0.001 |
PVA ¶ (> 0.3 compared with ≤ 0.3) | 1.7 (1.6–1.8) | < 0.001 | 2.6 (2.4–2.9) | < 0.001 |
OHA compared with diet | 2.9 (2.6–3.3) | < 0.001 | 4.5 (3.5–5.6) | < 0.001 |
Insulin compared with diet | 4.2 (3.5–5.1) | < 0.001 | 7.5 (5.6–10) | < 0.001 |
Both (OHA and insulin) compared with diet | 9.3 (7.9–11) | < 0.001 | 17 (13.1–22) | < 0.001 |